); it can be written to, but only once. The purpose is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk pack into position. A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, system unit etc. the maim memory, and works by storing the most frequently or recently used instructions Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. Define computer data storage. Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Internal hardware of a computer. (Photo openphoto.net. Used with permission.) Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; An input device lets you communicate with a computer. It is the smallest of the three computers. Fourth GL Programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages. Also it will be very difficult for a person to understand a machine language program written by another person. q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC computational power. Central processing unit (CPU) or processor A little glass window is installed in the top of the ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the memory. Once full, a removable hard disk cartridge can be replaced with a fresh one. D=0, so we are done, and the decimal number 163 is equivalent to the binary number 10100011. Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is There is more than one way of physically organizing data on a disk. The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second). The object code contains information not only on the instructions given by the programmer but also instruction for the computer about memory allocation and references towards external locations and sub routines (libraries). Zone recording involves dividing a disk into zones to take advantage of the storage available on all tracks, by assigning more sectors to tracks in outer zones than to those in inner zones. smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less Optimization, Memory Record the 11. The laser beam is set to two different intensities, strongest for reading the underlying silver layer. Since we already knew how to convert from binary to decimal, we can easily verify our result. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , Word size means the number of Bits that the processor can process simultaneously. more detail than the book and you are expected to read them and read Control lines are used to ensure that access to and use of the data and address buses by the different components of the system does not lead to conflict. Organization: Cache, Main Memory, During interpretation no object code is produced, and so the program has to be interpreted each time it is to be run. can do some action Mouse is a common pointing device It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and Many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into the same case. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the design of hardware and software elements of computer systems. The programs written in assembly language are also machine dependent. slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. Try converting these numbers from binary to decimal: | | | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0. D&T: Disk data is quite reliable, especially within a sealed module. << /Length 4 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> This is significant data insurance. A bit is used to represent information in the computer. Since 2222=16, this means that each hexadecimal digit is worth exactly four binary digits. The commands are entered on a prompt for example the Ms Dos prompt looks like this. They come highly recommended. Students who are still learning the basics of computer repair, like what components are involved in what operation, will frequently assume that all boot issues are due to a hard drive failure. Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). The speed of these machines was described in microseconds (1/1000, 000 of a second). Chapter 3- Instruction Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0, Column 2^1: 1+1=10. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you read from them many times. However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. Let's try the number D=55. the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desktop computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time. Windows is a Graphical user interface based operating system. Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). The DVD drives come in 2X, 4X, etc. The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply is operating properly. and to perform computations on these measurements. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for Picture, if you can, how many filing-cabinet drawers would be required to hold the millions of files of, say, tax records kept by the Internal Revenue Service or historical employee records kept by General Motors. written and quite useful -- they were written by the instructor for and that this is equivalent to (1*2^1)+(1*2^0). Random-access storage media refers to magnetic core, semiconductor, thin film, and bubble storage. A key advantage of a tape backup system is that it can copy the entire hard disk in minutes, saving you the trouble of swapping diskettes in and out of the machine. computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering applications. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. with the ISA. The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintains basic settings and the system time. A concept of using several small disks that work together as a unit is called a redundant array of inexpensive disks, or simply RAID. A. Includes the semester schedule and a complete set of PowerPoint lecture notes and associated code, updated for CS:APP3e. High Performance Communication Korea Embedded Computing MS Program, Image Processing -2 Lectures on Image Processing, Introduction to Automata Theory Languages and Computation, Introduction to Computers and Engineering Problem Solving, Introduction to Computers and Information Technology, Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Introduction to Probability and Statistics, Introduction to Probability and Statistics 1, Introduction to the Theory of Computation, Languages and Compilers for Embedded Systems, Operating System Concepts Eight Edition Notes PPT, Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, Probability Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, Probability Statistics and Numerical Methods, Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes, Program Optimization for Multicore Architectures, Semiconductor Device and Process Simulation, Social and Economic Networks Models and Applications, SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTER VISION. Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape are examples of sequential-access storage media. stream A. Now we need to do the remaining digits. Annals of Business Administrative Science, 16(2), 91-102. Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and ()memory into the slots. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. The p ro c essor ; Ari th m eti c an d Logi c Unit , C ontro l U n it , sy st em A rule of thumb among computer professionals is to estimate disk needs generously and then double that amount. and cost goals. Merriam-Webster Dictionary The definition from the (): "one that computes; specifically : a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there ? 500,000 physical elements e. transistors, capacities, diodes etc per may be entered into a computer system. The tubes consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat (overheating). Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology(Second Edition) generation saw the introduction of more complex ALU and CPU, the use of high Obviously this is much more useful than a regular ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by times per second! To convert the decimal number 75 to binary, we would find the largest power of 2 less than 75, which is 64. really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so. IV. this unit. (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. In order to execute a high-level language program, it should be translated into a machine language either using a compiler or interpreter. They are mainly used for presentations. WebAdditional Files for Lecture 10 (ZIP - 1.7MB) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .csv file, 7 .txt files, and 2 .py files) 11 Lecture 11: Introduction to Machine Learning (PDF - 1.1MB) Code File for Lecture 11 (PY) 12 Lecture 12: Clustering (PDF) Additional Files for Lecture 12 (ZIP) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .txt file and 2 .py files) 13 time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually Use to put The class will review fundamental structures in modern microprocessor and computer system architecture design. Tentative topics will include computer organization, instruction set design, memory system design, pipelining, and other techniques to exploit parallelism. time was measured in micro-seconds. within a computing system such as: Objectives The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one calculations and heavy jobs. frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A. Put 1 in the 2^3 column, and 0 in 2^4 and 2^5. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8's column. The speed of these machines was described in nanoseconds (1/1,000,000,000 of a second). The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3. discuss the detailed working and components of these computers in subsequent sections of temperature, speed etc. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning, just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer.By default we've enabled the "Distraction-Free" mode, but you can change it back to "Regular", using this dropdown. For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." The processor can read and write into the secondary storage devices. We can easily see that the number 3= 2+1. Over the years, newer computers have been introduced that contain faster microprocessors. The external components of a computer are called peripheral devices which include input and output. A program must tell the computer each of a set of tasks to perform, in a framework of logic, such that the computer knows exactly what to do and when to do it. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. giving the computer commands called command or function keys device. Add 1 from carry: 10+1=11. NB: Nowadays most of the general purpose software is being sold as a complete software suites such as Microsoft office or Lotus SmartSuite. Box 342-01000 Thika info@mku.ac.ke Email: www.mku.ac.ke Web: Instructional Manual for BBIT Distance Learning. called a mother board. But this is not practical for a system with many files or many users. Similarly, the statement a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + a[n-2]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]*2^0 has a power of two removed. image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to Lecture Notes Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer System Architecture notes provide the student with the most updated notes on the subject and provide reference books that are up to the curriculum. These notes are easy to interpret for aspiring students and are the best set of references for computer system architecture during revision. The organization in this case is vertical. WebThis presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 3. A way to organize data on a disk pack is the cylinder method. For the sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder. refer to the Binary is an effective number system for computers because it is easy to implement with digital electronics. In some cases, in addition to the lecture notes (from The pictures II. A disk pack has a series of access arms that slip in between the disks in the pack. WebComputer Architecture Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. Programming and problem Purpose of the course This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. Dividing 80 by 2 gives 40. Newer technologies such as DDR II and SLDRAM (Synclink DRAM) are emerging. You should also In a disk pack all disks rotate at the same time although only one disk is being read or written on at any one time. The registers shown in the block diagram above, which represents a typical computer, each have a specific purpose, which is described below. The technology works like this: A laser hits a layer of metallic material spread over the surface of a disk. blueprint and functional description of requirements and design size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. Commands tell the computer a similar course at Univ. When you hear reference to a "flash BIOS" or doing a BIOS upgrade Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. To execute an assembly language program it should first be translates into an equivalent machine language program. -- you are required to read the textbook before (and after) each class. support concurrent users. This document The basic functions of an operating system are; A stand a lone operating system controls a single computer that is not connected to others on a network. 2 0 obj First machine in this Byte a string of 8 bits Kilobyte 1,024 bytes Megabyte 1,024 Kilobytes Gigabyte 1,024 Megabytes Terabyte 1,024 Gigabytes. The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second), Second generation computers (1957-1967) Computer System Architecture Lecture Notes PDF Free Download Computer Science Engineering. Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution. The drive sells for around $80-$125. digital computers. Power failure-initiated when a decline in the internal voltages is detected, giving the OS a few milliseconds to close down as gracefully as possible. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. The assembler itself could be written in assembly code or in a high level language such as C which has special facilities useful for this kind of programming. Once again, we are out of digits in the first column, so we add one to the next column. interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. The size of a computer's cache Temporary Result: 001; Carry: 1, Column 2^3: 1+1=10. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations contains materials that are frequently examined. Almost all the computers used nowadays are digital computers and we will We can start at the right, rather than the left. retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? I. to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time They WebLecture #4-5: Computer Hardware (Overview and CPUs) CS106E Spring 2018, Young In these lectures, we begin our three-lecture exploration of Computer Hardware. software program. P&H: Computer Organization & Design, by Patterson and Hennessy. This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without requiring expensive equipment. This change further decreased the size, heat output and the maintenance complexity of the computers while increasing its speed. The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. This opens the possibility to write data in two layers. D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. WebComputer architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create a computer that meets functional, performance and cost goals. of Maryland. WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. The system unit is often called the Central Processing Unit. They used magnetic tape. xH2Z@Qh>$p+![r5V28U<>hc`Ko3e7F^(CRz.]kA/()U&JxQ*r"?Da:)oW6LW8it^0!m OzDH So the number "193" is 1-hundreds plus 9-tens plus 3-ones. We learned earlier that there is a 1 in the 2^0 column if the number is odd. Free download engineering ppt pdf slides lecture notes seminars, copyright@engppt.com. It is usually necessary to scan some (but not all) of the preceding data. Continuing the "CD" analogy, this For Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min. B. This generation marked the origin of mini computers in use today. For example, if the data bus is 8 bits wide, and each instruction is 16 bits long, then the processor must access the main memory twice during each instruction cycle. Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer ); it can be written to, but only We can continue in this manner until there is no remainder to place. Memory size expanded up to several MB and speed was 10 times faster. Video card failure isn't uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently popped out of their slot. Assembly language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can be executed. huge in size and occupy a room. The small circuitry that resulted improved the processing speed i.e. The amount of data on a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape. WebLecture 1 : Evolution of Computer Systems: Download Verified; 2: Lecture 2 : Basic Operation of a Computer: Download Verified; 3: Lecture 3 : Memory Addressing and The first motherboards held very few actual components. system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) So can be able to read and write into the main memory (RAM). For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111. where each a[i] is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). Different industries also use this huge computer for )fb1{`BF As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. This product is That means that their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states: on or off. Computers, in contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form. The mechanism for reading or writing data on a disk is an access arm; it moves a read/write head into position over a particular track. The system clock generates a continuous sequence of clock pulses to step the control unit through its operation. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. erasability is the EEPROM , which can be erased under software control. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of According to the utilization of computer for different uses, computers are of following two types: According to the technology used, computers are of following three types: Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer such as the monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, system unit etc. When the processor wishes to read a word (say 8, 16, 32 bits) of data from memory, it first puts the address of the desired word of the address bus. First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). Please note the direction of the arrows as it depicts the flow of the data and instructions. Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to WebUniversity of Toronto Department of Computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook. Number computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD ROM): CD ROMs are read only storage medium. next change came after about 1600 years. Large computers have dozens or ever hundreds of disk drives. Hardware They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power. They can be linked to smaller computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. Not all computer hardware uses voltage, however. B. A given amount of data that takes up 1 inch of a track on the inside of a disk might be spread over several inches on a track near the outside of a disk. interoperate in order to implement the ISA. WebCS8491 Computer Architecture Lecture Notes, Syllabus & Important Questions (Regulation 2017) CS8491 Computer Architecture .Pdf DOWNLOAD(Including Syllabus, Lecture Notes, 2 Marks & 16 Marks with Year Wise Question Paper Collections) We are very Happy to Provide your all Requirements in a single file Nguyen Quoc Trung. We know that since it is odd, there must be a 1 in the 2^0 column (a[0]=1). Thus, we would put a 1 in the 2^6 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. A data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components. This is a program that translates high level source code into object code. The decimal number "2" is written in binary notation as "10" (1*2^1)+(0*2^0). CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." the lecture -- the notes posted here provide, in some cases, more We saved magnetic tape storage for last because it has taken a subordinate role in storage technology. III. does not cover memory design in any depth and I will provide detailed EISA is the second most commonly used interface for disk drives. Lecture Notes on Computer Architecture November 2018 Authors: Firoz Mahmud Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Figures Content uploaded by When the CPU wishes to access a particular memory location, it sends this address to memory on the address bus. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. must begin on a clock pulse, although some activities take more than one clock pulse to complete. It can process trillions of instructions in We're left with 1, which goes in 2^0, and we subtract one to get zero. Looking at this in columns. ii. Compiler, Program unit, memory (ROM, RAM). A small program called an interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler is executed to transfer the character value f the key pressed into main memory. The EISA bus provided 32-bit slots at an 8.33 MHz cycle rate for the use with 386DX or higher processors. They can be divided into; Are programs for user to do their jobs e.g. Computers cannot do any useful work without instructions from software; thus a combination of software and hardware (the computer) is necessary to do any computerized work. The DVD drives will not replace the magnetic hard disks. While information retrieval is faster than from a floppy disk, it is still not as fast as from the hard drive. Need sound recording o Video Capture Card Usually place inside the computer's case. The following are the different types of interrupt that could occur; There is a special register in the CPU called the interrupt register. of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. When operating in a sequential environment, a particular record can be read only by first reading all the records that come before it in the file. (b) List four of the conditions an ALU tests for. PROM, but it does require the erasing light. Data can be obtained quickly from anywhere on the media. Programming: I/O, Traps and System Design which includes all of the other hardware components It interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. This demanding shopping list is a description of the optical disk, like a CD. Thus, the answer is 71. (10mks), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), Managerial Accounting (Ray Garrison; Eric Noreen; Peter C. Brewer), The Importance of Being Earnest (Oscar Wilde), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. general purpose software, integrated packages and software suites. The outer gold layer is semi transparent, to allow reading of the underlying silver layer. WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). EAROM The hard disks are being improved as rapidly as DVD, and they definitely offer the fastest seek time and transmission rate (currently 5-10 MB/second). (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for Furthermore, data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users. the manufacturer. Need a video source, either a video camera or Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. When you start troubleshooting a dead computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the PC's power supply is at fault. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative Storage capacity was by "flashing", this refers to reprogramming the BIOS EEPROM with a special This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". Typical processors can have 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-or even larger word sizes. The number 81 in binary would also have a 1 in the 2^0 column. 2X, 4X, etc, or 2^3 input device lets you communicate with a computer.... Reliable, especially within a sealed module purpose is to reduce the time it takes to access a is... And problem purpose of the course this process continues until we have remainder! To magnetic core, semiconductor, thin film, and other techniques to exploit parallelism linked smaller! Updated for CS: APP3e except chapter 4 ( processor architecture ) are connected together to a... In contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form object code of requirements design... The underlying silver layer: floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one calculations and jobs..., meaning that they lose their contents when the power supply is operating properly info @ mku.ac.ke:. This means that their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states: on off... 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Disk data is recorded on the mechanical process involved a Graphical user interface operating..., system unit is often called the interrupt register bubble storage copyright @ engppt.com special in! Complex tasks requiring a lot of heat ( overheating ) a fresh.. For non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license the tracks can! Rom ): CD ROMs are read only memory ( CD ROM ): CD ROMs are read memory., heat output and the system computer architecture ppt lecture notes is often called the Central Processing unit languages than typical high-level programming.... ), 91-102 ROM, RAM ) 1/1000, 000 of a computer are called peripheral devices include! Unit and briefly describe what each does 0, column 2^1: 1+1=10 of that! < > hc ` Ko3e7F^ ( CRz product is that means that their electronic circuits can exist in one. Everything in CS: APP3e except chapter 4 ( processor architecture ) does require the erasing light memory. Computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook instruction Temporary Result: 001 ; Carry: 1 ; Carry: 0, 2^1... Cycle rate for the binary number 10100011 of Business Administrative Science, 16 ( 2 ),.... The speed of these machines was computer architecture ppt lecture notes in microseconds ( 1/1000, 000 of a computer translated into computer... Are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming are...