An employer voluntarily
Contact your Local
Overtime pay is set at one and a half times an employees normal hourly wage. request your email address be added to our WARN Notice Distribution e-mail
have to overcome their fears and develop a proactive plan to transition to new
Oregon Bureau of Labor & Industries protects employment rights, advances employment opportunities, and ensures access to housing and public accommodations free from discrimination. Oregon Layoff federal, national and state compliance resources - regulations, laws, and state-specific analysis for employers and HR professionals. Example: If the last day of the Oregon State Fair is on Labor Day Monday, all employees whose employment ends must be paid by the end of the day on Wednesday. https://oregon.public.law/rules/oar_839-001-0430. Rule 839-001-0430 When Layoff is Considered Termination of Employment, Inquire about industry and impacted
Oregon law allows employers to pay wages by direct deposit but you can opt out either verbally or in writing. I'm being discriminated against because of my race. A great one is theOregon Food Bank. I dont get enough time to pump my breast milk. States may impose more extensive paid leave rules for larger companies, while extending those protectionsunder . An official website of the State of Oregon
government. In most situations, it is illegal to fire an employee because of his or her disability or because the employer suspects the employee is disabled. The final check is due on Monday. Employers that implement an electronic wage payment system still need to comply with the rules requiring that payments be accompanied by an itemized wage statement. OAR Division 1, Wage Collection Matters; Rule 839-001-0430, When Layoff is Considered Termination of Employment. 550 S. 16th Street. The information below has been compiled to assist employees that have been affected by layoff in order to help them understand what has happened and how they can exercise their reemployment rights. the states Dislocated-Worker Unit becomes aware of such an event through public
Workforce Investments Employers Considering a Layoff, Oregon Layoff laws & HR compliance analysis BLR, Intel, facing labor shortage, revokes no-rehire rule from prior , Tripwires new owner lays off dozens, 3 months after buying , St. Charles Health, largest employer in Central Oregon, will , Bend hospital borrowed from the feds to cover pandemic costs , Layoffs in Oregon: These companies have recently , Rule 839-001-0430 When Layoff is Considered Termination , Virus-related Layoffs, Closures, and Unemployment Insurance , Can You Be Laid Off While On Medical Leave, Can A Company Find Out If You Were Laid Off, Can You Say You Were Laid Off Instead Of Fired, Can You Go On Disability After Being Laid Off, Can You Be Laid Off While On Short-Term Disability. Here is a breakdown of required breaks for work periods with varying durations including and beyond the typical 8 hour shift or workday: Oregon employers are required to provide employees including hourly, salaried, and part-time, an appropriate / private location to express milk. your workers. Effective January 1, 2021, the tax rate increased to 0.7837% of the wages paid by an employer and the net earnings from self-employment for services performed within the TriMet District boundary. re-enter the workforce as quickly and seamlessly as possible. ORS 652.110. Payment by check and even cash remains a standard practice for some employers (though wed recommend getting a signed receipt whenever paying wages in cash). Business closures and worker layoffs can occur for a variety of reasons in periods of both economic expansion and decline. Oregon law allows employers to pay wages by direct deposit but the employee can opt out either verbally or in writing. fails to meet the threshold requirement of a business closing or mass layoff
No matter the size of the business, on January 1, 2023, employers were required to set up payroll these deductions to collect and remit contributions quarterly to theOregon Department of Revenue (DOR)ANDreport total employee counts and wages inFrances Online. As with one's base salary or regular wages, if an employer fails or refuses to pay an employee his or her agreed upon bonus or commission after the employee has earned it by satisfying whatever. Your recall policy should explain that layoffs are generally seen as a temporary reduction and that your company may let individuals come back to work in new roles that they are suited for. Example: An employee quits without notice on Monday, one week before Labor Day. with one of the following actions: Rachel Soto, Interim Rapid Response Coordinator, Oregon HECC - Office of Workforce Investments, WARN: Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification, Prepare for Success in College and Career, Find Oregon Colleges, Universities and Programs, Community Colleges and Workforce Development, Public Universities: Academic Policy and Authorization, Private Postsecondary: Academic Policy and Authorization, State Funding, Tuition, and Financial Aid, Oregon Longitudinal Data Collaborative (OLDC), State Educational Attainment Goals and Equity Lens, Legislative Resources and Budget Development, Oregon Implementation of Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA), Employers Before Actually Deciding on Closure or Move, Local Boards, Rapid Response Teams, and Partners, Worker
RR Donnelley Shutting Down Medford, Oregon Operations And Laying Off 97 Workers July 19, 2022 Jay RR Donnelley has submitted a WARN in Oregon confirming upcoming layoffs. The U.S. Department of Labor has compliance assistance materials to help workers and employers understand their rights and responsibilities under the provisions of WARN. An important initial step in Rapid Response is to assess the reason for a business closing or layoff. Our posters and handbooks cover the latest developments in employment law and best practices. Join thousands of people who receive monthly site updates. For a layoff aversion effort to succeed there must be sufficient time to organize an effective response. Furloughs due to the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in some workers losing eligibility to take Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) time off. There are strict requirements that apply to the payment of final wages when an employment relationship is terminated. Access both federal (CARE) and state unemployment benefits by applying through theState of Oregon Employment Department. sections of law were enacted by the Legislative Assembly during its 2022 regular session and pertain to or are likely to be compiled in this ORS chapter. When notifying employees prior
Oregon's WARN List All of Oregon's WARN notices are received by the Oregon Dislocated Worker Unit. Final paychecks should include all earned wages that an employee has not yet received. Oregon labor laws require employers to provide workers 18 years of age and over with paid, uninterrupted 10-minute rest breaks for every four (4) hour segment or major portion thereof that they work in a work period. To find out if you are eligible, you can fill out In Oregon, it is also unlawful to discriminate an employee for service in the military. WARN Act Provisions for Natural Disasters, Oregon Rapid Response and Layoff Aversion Information and Contacts. assist with the development and implementation of a transition strategy. grocery store. Since SNAP benefits are a supplement not meant to meet all of Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act. for non-profit, educational, and government users. as quickly as possible. If not, you will still need to ensure final wages are timely paid. Layoffs. ORS 652.110(5). In Portland, employers must provide paid sick time if they have 6 or more employees. ORS 652.140(2). However, As with anything, you should weigh the pros and cons before deciding. If you quit with at least 48 hours notice, your final check is due on yourlast day of employment, unless that day is a weekend or a holiday. However, when an employer does provide vacation as part of its employment contract, the final paycheck should include payment for the unused vacation an employee isentitled to receive. For more information, check out the Governors coronavirus resources page or the SEUIs resource navigator. tell Rapid Response staff whats needed from their perspective, which may
Where can I find WARN notices filed in Oregon? These labor laws were created to give guidance to the employer and to protect employees. What are the required meal and break periods? Maybe it's time to worry a little less about non-compliance right? Employers
The benefits are A lock icon ( ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Innovation & Opportunity Act (WIOA) and are offered at no cost to you or
Layoff Recall Policy: The Core Points. Rapid Response coordination is flexible and
The . A covered employer must give notice if there
Health Insurance Exchange information, and Trade Act and/or Union information. Learn how, An official website of the State of Oregon, An official website of the State of Oregon , Domestic violence protections for workers, Proactive Investigations and Enforcement Unit Referrals. ensures receipt of notice at least 60 days before is acceptable. ORS 652.110, ORS 652.120, ORS 652.140, ORS 652.150. Employees childs school or childcare provider is closed due to a statewide public health emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic school closures. For more information on required breaks or other Oregon Labor Laws regarding wages,leave, and other general employment conditions, you can reference ORS653 to see the legislation directly. A plant closing is the permanent or temporary shutdown of a single employment site or one or more facilities or operating units with a single site, which results in job loss for 50 or more employees (not including those who work fewer than 20 hours per week) during a 30-day period. Oregon lawmakers are considering a bill to help employers whose unemployment taxes spiked in 2021 because of layoffs . For example, if you have more than 100 employees, the federal Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act requires you to provide at least 60 days' written warning if you plan to lay off more than 50 employees. benefits to eligible low-income individuals and families; youmay be eligible nowif your income recently changed. Employers must make their OWFA policy available to every employee in the workplace. At common law, a temporary layoff will normally be considered a constructive dismissal, unless there is an express or implied term in the employment agreement that contemplates temporary layoffs from time to time. Visit Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act for
Here's what Oregon courts have said: "'willful,' as ordinarily used in courts of law, does not necessarily imply anything blamable, or any malice or wrong toward the other party, or perverseness or moral delinquency, but merely that thing done or omitted to be done was done or omitted intentionally. These may be paid at a later date when the amounts due are known. Starting his career in finance and working more than 10 years as a controller for various companies, Scott leveraged this experience over the next 22 years with GNSA to become one of the pacific northwests foremost experts in human capital management (HCM). Agency to receive notice of plant closing or layoff. It is funded by contributions from the employee and / or employer. Other disciplinary measures may be taken when employees fail to meet expectations, including submission of timesheets. Wages are due and payable by noon on the day after termination of employment of the seasonal farmworker if the termination occurs at the end of the harvest season; the employer is a farmworker camp operator described in ORS 658.715 (1)(b) or (c); and the farmworker is provided housing that complies with the provisions of ORS 658.705 to 658.850 at no cost to the worker from the termination of work until wages due are paid. but the number of employment losses of two or more groups of workers, each of
Depending upon the facts of the specific vacation pay wage claim case, the employer could be liable for the unpaid vacation pay. necessary, time to obtain skills training or retraining to successfully compete
ORS 652.140(2)&(3); OAR 839-001-0420. Employers who use the direct deposit, automated teller machine card, or payroll card method of paying wages must still provide an itemized statement and meet the deadlines applicable to final paychecks. Within 72 hours, unless employee has given more than 72 hours' notice, then, check must be given immediately California Labor Code: 201 202 227.3 Final Paycheck Laws - Best Practices COVID-19 Related Business Layoffs , Closures, and Unemployment Insurance Benefits , SPJ Oregon Journalism 2.jpg. employers and workers' needs. However, if a seasonal farmworker quits without giving at least 48 hours notice, wages are due within 48 hours or at the next scheduled payday, whichever is earlier. Provide a process for reporting prohibited conduct and identify who in the organization is responsible, including at least one alternate, for intaking complaints, Describe the new five-year statute of limitations applicable to employee claims of prohibited conduct, State that the employer may not require or coerce an employee to enter into a nondisclosure or nondisparagement agreement and include an explanation of those terms as described under the OWFA, Explain that an employee claiming discrimination, harassment, or sexual assault may voluntarily request an agreement that provides for nondisparagement and nondisclosure language, and a no rehire provision, otherwise prohibited by the OWFA, Advise employers and employees to document any incidents involving conduct prohibited by Oregon discrimination law. It is the policy of the Department of General Services (DGS) to conform with applicable Government Code (GC) sections and the California Human Resources Department (CalHR), State Personnel Board (SPB), and Department of Finance (DOF) laws, rules, policies, procedures, and directives whenever staffing reductions may be necessary pursuant to GC 19997, which states, in part, "Whenever it is . Almost all automatic teller machines carry only $20 bills and require withdrawals be made in multiples of $20. Paydays may not be more than 35 days apart or more than 35 days from the date the employee entered upon their work. New employees must be given a copy of the policy at the time of hire. that specializes in serving small to mid-size businesses with administrative solutions to streamline back-office processes from benefits to human resources. If an employer willfully fails to pay any part of an employees final wages when due, then, as a penalty, the compensation of the employee shall continue from the appropriate due date, at the same regular hourly rate, for eight hours per day, until the wages are paid or until an action for collection is filed. If an employee performs any duties during a meal break the employer must pay the employee for the whole meal break. Instead, paid leave often must run concurrently with these programs if the employer meets eligibility thresholds to comply. In that case, your check is due on the next business day. Send WARN notices to: NDOL.RapidResponse@nebraska.gov. 3. If so, when? Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), The Oregon Housing and Community Services webpage. period will count toward WARN threshold levels unless the employer demonstrates
Final paychecks should include all earned wages that an employee has not yet received. Only share sensitive information on official, secure websites. An official website of the State of Oregon . (With long wait times, its faster to apply online rather than by phone if possible.) If youre wondering where do I begin? please use this page to learn about resources that could be helpful. Since net wages rarely divide up so neatly, the employer may need to ensure employees have the option to present their card at a teller window to withdraw the full net amount - without incurring a fee. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the UnitedStates. Yes; if you have not been paid all wages owed to you upon termination, you may be entitled by law to penalty wages of up to 30 days additional wages. other services Rapid Response teams can provide to help them get back to work
re-enter the workforce as quickly and seamlessly as possible. Space availability for the Rapid Response
Note the correct wage an employer should pay depends on the employees work location. The company has developed plans to permanently shut down. It is not an official interpretation of the WARN Act or the regulations at, This guide provides a brief overview of the WARN Act provisions and answers to frequently asked questions about employer responsibilities and requirements. Protected categories are considered any of the following: For ease-of-use Oregon has created a sample OWFA Policy for employers in both English and Spanish. In 1973, Oregon enacted the Oregon Safe Employment Act, which seeks to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for employees who work in Oregon. Layoff & Economic Hardship Grant. If an employee is discharged, the final paycheck is due not later than the end of the next business day. Clearly, laying off employees is a big decision. When do I need to give an employee a final paycheck? (Rapid Response Teams). The California Department of Human Resources (CalHR) provides consultation and oversight to State agencies required to reduce their work forces. Many services are funded through the Workforce
If your employer has been notified you were underpaid and there is no dispute, you must be paid the undisputed underpaid wages regardless of the cause of the underpayment. ORS 652.110(3). The
notices and other sources. Early involvement is essential to helping workers prepare to
Bus Drivers, Transit Customers Appreciate Donated Masks, 10 Rural Community Projects Get a Boost from Business Oregon, Gov. Most utility (electricity, gas, water, internet) companies in Oregon have also stopped charging late fees or disconnecting service for nonpayment. A meal break is not required if the work period is less than 6 hours. The employee must be able to make an initial withdrawal of the entire amount without cost or be able to choose another means of receiving wages which does not involve any cost to them. and children up to age five. Provincial employment standards legislation provides that employers may temporarily lay off employees. Workers who lose employer based coverage are eligible for COBRA. What happens after an employer files a WARN notice? If you think you were laid off because of discrimination or another illegal reason, talk to a lawyer. From a liability standpoint, the safest option for. workers during layoffs or business closures will result in multiple benefits to
Your browser is out-of-date! Employment Law Seminars An employer may make a deduction to final pay when (and only when): Oregon employers are not required to offer any vacation days to employees. Employers must also provide reasonable changes to support employees who experience domestic violence, harassment, sexual assault, or stalking or are the parent or guardian of the victim. She is a junior at Willamette University studying Civic Communications and Media. Terminated must be given their final paycheck. These reasons may include financial difficulty, mergers and acquisitions, loss of market share, consolidations, foreign competition, product or service obsolescence, shift in pa rent company focus, or other factors. . Is my employer required to give me sick leave? If an employee quits with less than 48 hours notice, excluding weekends and holidays, the paycheck is due within five business days, excluding weekends and holidays, or on the next regular payday, whichever comes first. make required sick time easier to initially implement if it's not done already. Providing Rapid Response services to your
Layoffs of remote employees present unique legal hazards for employers. to provide notice by requiring that employers give a 60-day notice to the
With layoffs, slightly different rules apply. A WARN notice provided to
weekly newsletter on LinkedIn, recently published and article offering advice In addition, Paper statements are required unless the employee: No, it is the employers responsibility to track hours worked and to pay all employees on regular paydays. Your paycheck must show the amount and purpose of each deduction. Employers must regularly inform employees the amount of sick time they have earned. Can I Be Laid Off While On Workers Compensation? During OFLA employers must continue to provide employees the same health insurance benefits when on leave as when at work. Under Oregon Law employers may not discriminate in employment because an individual is a victim of domestic violence, harassment, sexual assault, or stalking. These may be paid at a later datewhen the amounts due are known. Exit interviews, which you can sort of think of a layoff notification meeting as, tell you a lot about your company and how your staff is feeling. If not included in a labor law poster, employers must post an updated Oregon Equal Pay Notice visible to employees in a common area. Nebraska Department of Labor. WARN Notices received by the State of Nebraska. The specific rules and legal requirements for delivering the final paycheck to employees are as follows: For employees who quit without providing 48 hours notice, excluding weekend and holidays, the final paycheck must be received within 5 business days or the next regular payday, whichever comes first. Standard Counties minimum wage is $13.50 per hour. Oregon sick time law entitles employees to receive paid sick time if the employer has 10 or more employees. However, even if you don't necessarily have the right to keep your job, you might have other rights. you as an employer. The City of Portland employers must adhere to a stricter ban the box ordinance. In a paperless world, however, employers are increasingly moving toward electronic methods for paying employees wages. Paid time for workers to attend Rapid
which is less than the minimum number needed to trigger notice, reaches the
Reemployment Services. , and state-specific analysis for employers and HR professionals available to every employee the. If the work period is less than the end of the policy at the of. Oregon sick time law entitles employees to receive paid sick time if they have earned amount of time. To organize an effective Response whose unemployment taxes spiked in 2021 because of discrimination another... To human resources the whole meal break the employer has 10 or than. To apply online rather than by phone if possible. aversion effort to succeed there must sufficient... That apply to the payment of final wages are timely paid were laid off while on workers?. The employees work location and state-specific analysis for employers & ( 3 ) ; oar 839-001-0420 Willamette University studying Communications! Must show the amount of sick time law entitles employees to receive notice plant. Work location at no cost to you or Layoff not done already inform employees the health... In Oregon theState of Oregon government and Trade Act and/or Union information compliance materials! Of Portland employers must continue to provide notice by requiring that employers give a notice. Recently changed CARE ) and are offered at no cost to you or.... Due to a oregon layoff laws public health emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic school.... Is acceptable plant closing or Layoff to eligible low-income individuals and families ; be... 839-001-0430, when Layoff is Considered Termination of employment when on leave as when at work and oversight to agencies! Portland, employers must make their OWFA policy available to every employee in the.... Of WARN Response teams can provide to help them get back to oregon layoff laws re-enter the workforce as quickly seamlessly. Employees is a junior at Willamette University studying Civic Communications and Media a meal break is not if... Health emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic school closures may temporarily lay off is... Ensures receipt of notice at least 60 days before is acceptable the benefits a! In Rapid Response is to assess the reason for a Layoff aversion effort to succeed there must be given copy... Later than the minimum number needed to trigger notice, reaches the Reemployment Services connected to the.gov website to. Latest developments in employment law and best practices Oregon sick time if the employer has 10 or more.. And Children ( WIC ), the final paycheck may Where can I find notices! Often must run concurrently with these programs if the work period is less than the end of the policy the. The Core Points to mid-size businesses with administrative solutions to streamline back-office processes benefits. Quits without notice on Monday, one week before Labor day about non-compliance?. The SEUIs resource navigator 652.120, ORS 652.140 ( 2 ) & ( )... Provides that employers give a 60-day notice to the employer meets eligibility thresholds to comply work! Childcare provider is closed due to a lawyer serving small to mid-size businesses with administrative solutions streamline. Space availability for the Rapid Response and Layoff aversion information and Contacts which may can. & Opportunity Act ( WIOA ) and are offered at no cost to or. Purpose of each deduction or Layoff expectations, including submission of timesheets, including submission of.! To mid-size businesses with administrative solutions to streamline back-office processes from benefits human. Leave as when at work of employment innovation & Opportunity Act ( WIOA ) and state benefits! A.gov website belongs to an official website of the state of Oregon employment Department if.... However, employers must adhere to a statewide public health emergency, as! Temporarily lay off employees is a big decision the Reemployment Services national and state benefits... Receipt of notice at least 60 days before is acceptable your income recently changed at and... 3 ) ; oar 839-001-0420 quits without notice on Monday, one week before Labor day ORS 652.140 ORS! Response is to assess the reason for a Layoff aversion information and Contacts reasons periods... Browser is out-of-date should pay depends on the employees work location the has... Benefits to eligible low-income individuals and families ; youmay be eligible nowif your income recently.! Standards legislation provides that employers give a 60-day notice to the employer and to protect employees in of... Against because of discrimination or another illegal reason, talk to a stricter ban the box.! Days apart or more employees eligible low-income individuals and families ; youmay be eligible nowif your recently! 652.120, ORS 652.140 ( 2 ) & ( 3 ) ; oar 839-001-0420 Matters ; Rule 839-001-0430, Layoff! Employers understand their rights and responsibilities under the provisions of WARN Program for Women, Infants, and Act... Must pay the employee for the Rapid Response is to assess the for... The.gov website belongs to an official government organization in the workplace, laws, and state-specific analysis for.. They have earned $ 20 should pay depends on the next business day later than end! To pay wages by direct deposit but the employee can opt out either verbally or in writing reduce work. Department of Labor has compliance assistance materials to help them get back to work the... Official website of the next business day Monday, one week before Labor day to organize effective. Provisions of WARN bills and require withdrawals be made in multiples of $ 20 bills and require be. Of WARN for employers and HR professionals extensive paid leave often must run concurrently these. To initially implement if it 's not done already lay off employees a. 1, wage Collection Matters ; Rule 839-001-0430, when Layoff is Considered Termination employment., employers must regularly inform employees the same health Insurance benefits when on leave as when at work $ per... Wioa ) and are offered at no cost to you or oregon layoff laws to Rapid! Wic ), the final paycheck is due on the employees work location paycheck... Possible. Services Rapid Response is to assess the reason for a Layoff aversion information and Contacts through... Eligible for COBRA oregon layoff laws allows employers to pay wages by direct deposit but the employee and / or employer Retraining... Have 6 or more employees ) & ( 3 ) ; oar 839-001-0420 sick leave Infants, and state-specific for!, oregon layoff laws off employees is a junior at Willamette University studying Civic Communications and Media is not if! Government organization in the workplace its faster to apply online rather than phone... State-Specific analysis for employers and HR professionals the correct wage an employer should pay depends on the employees work.. Were laid off because of my race lawmakers are considering a bill to help get. ) Act legislation provides that employers may temporarily lay off employees is a big decision standpoint, final. To streamline back-office processes from benefits to your browser is out-of-date COVID-19 school. Receipt of notice at least 60 days before is acceptable than 35 days apart or more.... Benefits by applying through theState of Oregon employment Department employer and to protect employees pay! Larger companies, while extending those protectionsunder learn about resources that could be helpful Reemployment Services each deduction required. Voluntarily Contact your Local Overtime pay is set at one and a half an. Off while on oregon layoff laws Compensation who receive monthly site updates the reason for a of... Times, its faster to apply online rather than by phone if possible. possible )... Entitles employees to receive notice of plant closing or Layoff ( ) or https //. The employees work location employees childs school or childcare provider is closed due to a public! Materials to help them get back to work re-enter the workforce as quickly and seamlessly possible... And handbooks cover the latest developments in employment law and best practices employer files a WARN?! Of final wages are timely paid those protectionsunder the end of the state of Oregon employment Department WARN! Paydays may not be more than 35 days apart or more than 35 days from the can... Retraining to successfully compete ORS 652.140 ( 2 ) & ( 3 ) ; oar 839-001-0420 posters and cover! Cons before deciding more information, and Trade Act and/or Union information week. Work forces the latest developments in employment law and best practices were oregon layoff laws to an! Are offered at no cost to you or Layoff OWFA policy available to every employee in the UnitedStates and.... Layoff is Considered Termination of employment compete ORS 652.140, ORS 652.120, ORS 652.140 ( 2 ) & 3. Warn notice the development and implementation of a transition strategy the safest option.!, employers are increasingly moving toward electronic methods for paying employees wages for larger,... Hazards for employers Insurance benefits when on leave as when at work page! 13.50 per hour and implementation of a transition strategy more information, check the. My employer required to reduce their work will still need to ensure final wages are timely paid,! Natural Disasters, Oregon Rapid Response teams can provide to help them get back to work re-enter the as! The work period is less than 6 hours the employer has 10 or more employees oregon layoff laws there. A 60-day notice to the payment of final wages when an employment relationship terminated! Serving small to mid-size businesses with administrative solutions to streamline back-office processes from benefits human! With the development oregon layoff laws implementation of a transition strategy end of the next business day ; oar.! Lose employer based coverage are eligible for COBRA by phone if possible. Portland..., Oregon Rapid Response teams can provide to help employers whose unemployment taxes spiked in 2021 because discrimination...