The wealthy heads of these monopolies used their money to bribe government official and push for their own gain. [1] William Safire, in his Safire's Political Dictionary, defines "machine politics" as "the election of officials and the passage of legislation through the power of an organization created for political action". Since these organization can spend unlimited amount of money on advertising they can control mainstream media and in turn can greatly influence the general public to vote for certain. What was Tammany Hall's role in government in New York City in the late 1800s? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. As shown with Boss Tweed in the 1800s and most politcs today, politicians can use the political machine for their own financial wants and needs. If we don . Corruption, Cartoons, and Communication, 5. Tweed engineered a deal in which some family men (rather than just the rich) received exemptions and even a loan from Tammany Hall to pay a substitute. Why were few court cases against monopolies and trusts during the Gilded Age quizlet? , What kind of work did immigrants find in the United States Apex? The Great Depression - 5 Minute History Lesson, 2. have almost complete control over the members and can deliver the The machine controlled a hierarchy of party loyalists, and it often. MSNBC's Chris Hayes tees off on competitor network FOX News over new information about their position during 2020 election discovered via a lawsuit from Dominion Voting Systems. Political machines were so successful was because they would go to the immigrants and set them up with homes and jobs as long as they would vote for them. Democratic Tweed was actually more concerned about the cartoons than about the investigative stories, because many of his constituents were illiterate but understood the message of the drawings. The primary goal of a political machine is keeping itself in power. numerous world-nations (particularly in Europe) to recover from the I never coerced anybody in my life. In practice, this made machine politics the last defense of white neighbourhoods against growing black populations, while black politicians who anticipated power viewed their constituents as merely the latest in a series of ethnic or racial groups that had benefited from the machine. The Industrial Revolution (18-19th Century), 3. Political machines are characterized by a disciplined and hierarchical organization, reaching down to neighbourhood and block organizers, that enables the machine to respond to the problems of individual neighbourhoods, or even families, in exchange for loyalty at the polls. Massive building projects such as new hospitals, elaborate museums, marble courthouses, paved roads, and the Brooklyn Bridge had millions of dollars of padded costs added that went straight to Boss Tweed and his cronies. example, their main goal is generally to try and achieve political In addition, because of the large gap between national and state government, the political machines provided a bridge between these two: they sped the process of something getting done. Since then, they have become the most common political system in the world. That is, I believe that they did more good than bad for our. [3] Quoting Edward Flynn, a Bronx County Democratic leader who ran the borough from 1922 until his death in 1953,[4] Safire wrote "[] the so-called 'independent' voter is foolish to assume that a political machine is run solely on good will, or patronage. How did political machines respond to the needs of the immigrants? It was in the machine's interests to only maintain a minimally winning amount of support. Omissions? Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. 3. The lowest group was the largest and its job was to gather as much support and as many votes as possible. A growing number of Americans would rather have a direct popular vote than the Electoral College. payroll lists and paid out of taxpayer money. Tweed made sure the immigrants had jobs, found a place to live, had enough food, received medical care, and even had enough coal money to warm their apartments during the cold of winter. In the late 19thcentury most of America's larger cities were dominated by local machines, including New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Boston, Kansas City, Chicago and many others. While the word regime originates as a synonym for any form of government, modern usage often gives the term a negative connotation, implying an authoritarian government or dictatorship. that regulate the operation of a government or institution and its interactions with society. These organizations controlled access to political power by rigging votes, buying peoples loyalty and their ballots. and did provide some help for newly arrived immigrants, helping He offered bribes to the editor of the New York Times and to Nast to stop their public criticisms, but neither accepted. Best Answer Copy Political Machines developed in cities are were run by men who were "professional" politicians in the sense that the purpose of the machine was to keep "friends" in. THIS illegal practice included illegal payments to politicians. Immigrants typically did the country's "dirty work." Point-Counterpoint and the Cartoon Analysis: Thomas Nast Takes on Boss Tweed, 1871 Primary Source to give a full picture of political machines and their relationship with immigrants. Now almost all are gone William V. Shannon June 1969 Volume Issue 4 1 2 3 4 View full article New York was a teeming place after the Civil War. Public Domain. How did you use the result to determine who walked fastest and slowest? And in any organization as in any army, there must be discipline. Daley comes to mind as being mayor for 21 years before dying while still in office at age 74. , What role did political machines serve in cities quizlet? The corrupt Tweed Ring was raking in millions of dollars from graft and skimming off the top. His friends selected him to head the citys political machine, which was representative of others in major American cities in which a political party and a boss ran a major city. At the turn of the 20th century, many U.S. cities were run by collections of self-serving political machines. He is a Boss.[11]. Political machines operated during the time when the public life was different from the home life. For optimal browsing, we recommend Chrome, Firefox or Safari browsers. did not have to be an elected official. The Political Machine I: Rise And Fall The Age Of The Bosses The Political Machine I: Rise And Fall The Age Of The Bosses 13 min read They were usually corrupt and often inefficient, but the oldstyle politicians had their uses. Those are, at this . He dispenses places, rewards the loyal, punishes the mutinous, concocts schemes, negotiates treaties. A political machine is a party organization that uses money, The term Political Machination is used to define an act of plotting or planning in the world of politics in order to achieve something. Majority of the money was spent independently on political activities, such as advertising. It hired people to vote multiple times and had sheriffs and temporary deputies protect them while doing so. They achieved national and state civil-service reform and worked to replace local patronage systems with civil service. have registered on their own. The Sherman Antitrust Act banned trusts and monopolistic combinations that placed unreasonable restrictions on the interstate and international trade markets. In the post-World War II era, the 'Marshall Plan' was vitally Introduction. The New York Times exposed the rampant corruption of his ring and ran stories of the various frauds. Monopolies and trusts were supported by the federal courts. . What was one major effect of industrialization in the United States in the late 1800s? bribes, threats, and election fixing. How did political machines maintain power? The bosses of the machines Established political machines were very difficult to break up because of the popular support they enjoyed and because they controlled various city officials and businesspeople through graft. In exchange for votes, political machines provided needed jobs, housing, food, heat and police protection. they represented forward thinking about political changes. , How did political machines pay back businesses that had supported their candidates? The machines recruited immigrants Without advertising income, we can't keep making this site awesome for you. Which of the following emerged to seek to correct the problems created by the situation lampooned in the cartoon? Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017. In construction, mines, or sweatshops, most immigrants found their work to be difficult and physically exhausting. One example was the naturalization process organized by William M. Tweed. taxpayers millions of dollars. Also, with this power Crump mistreated those lower than him. A s a young industrial power, the United States suffered from levels of political corruption commonly associated today with impoverished nations in the developing world. 2. However, this only led to political corruption, people saying they would do something to help the people and people would believe and put their trust into this "person" to only be blackmailed in the end. What were the economic social and political effects of the Industrial Revolution? The citys unpaved streets were strewn with trash thrown from windows and horse manure from animals pulling carriages. Political parties had negative effects on the. Political machines are difficult to break up because they created a cycle of favors for voters. Black smoke clogged the air, wafted from the burning coal and wood that heated homes and powered factories. Studies show that city governments suffered from ineptness and inefficiency due to overdependence on the muddled separation of duties among the respective boards, officials, and departments (Judd and . Disadvantage. The organization reached a peak of notoriety in the decade following the Civil War, when it harbored "The Ring," the corrupted political . One reason political machines were so successful is that they offered help to immigrants. He generally avoids publicity, preferring the substance to the pomp of power, and is all the more dangerous because he sits, like a spider, hidden in the midst of his web. , How did political machines respond to the needs of the people quizlet? The last great American monopolies were created a century apart, and one lasted over a century. Why were factory conditions so bad at the start of the Industrial Revolution? Actually, it was a defense of political patronage. Then it would be the middle level that would see over the precinct workers and captains. 1894 was even worse. Political Boss. Their. Ackerman, Kenneth D. Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York. political entities controlled by a boss that wielded enormous influence over the government of urban cities. The purpose Why did the Interstate Commerce Commission have difficulty enforcing reforms? Martin Van Buren was of Dutch descent but was the first president to be born in the United States of America. Machine Politics. demonstrate the generosity of the political boss in the late nineteenth century, show how corrupt Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall were in New York politics, illustrate the greed of industrialists during the late nineteenth century. Thomas Nast Cartoons on Boss Tweed. Very corrupt, controlled tax rates, gave tax breaks to their allies and controlled prices and business, etc. Under the spoils system in federal and state government, elected officials appointed supporters to key positions. APUSH Period 6 Unit 8 Political Machines Use the readings, video, and your knowledge to complete the questions below. Learn more about the different ways you can partner with the Bill of Rights Institute. Also in the same letter he states, harmful to the principles of good government and dangerous to the union, peace and happiness of this country In that document he was talking about the head of the rival party. The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865-1896. Although they are essential to our government, there are potential problems which includes corruption, inefficiencies and equal representation. Federal restrictions prevented voters from influencing government decisions at the local level. Political machines have had various different goals. For one thing, it enabled Sometimes the ring simply ignored the ballots and falsified election results. Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities. In New York City, Tammany Hall was the organization that controlled the Democratic Party and most of the votes. They were encouraged by political machines. Usage- In the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century, it was mainly the larger cities like Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, New York City and Philadelphia that had political machines. them get jobs, settled in apartments, and then signing them up to Politics in the Gilded Age were characterized by scandal and corruption, but voter turnout reached an all-time high. The main objective of the Progressive movement was eliminating corruption in government. The more intrinsic hazard with middlemen and machines is the ever-present potential for corruption, which is a real . Alexander Hamilton wrote this document to criticize his opponents, however in this he also criticizes political parties. The Encyclopdia Britannica defines "political machine" as, "in U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state". , How were settlement houses and political machines similar? Evaluate the impact of the political machine on U.S. cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He served a frustrating term in Congress during the sectional tensions of the 1850s and then happily returned to local politics, where he believed the action was. Mar 9, 2021. These organizations controlled access to political power by rigging votes, buying people's loyalty and their ballots. the candidate's issues forward so that they can be discussed. The existence of political parties has had quite a few negative effects on America including the division of people, a lack of communication, and violence between opposing sides (U.S. History.org). As one explores the process more, it becomes evident that other factors such as the media and the campaigning staff, have equal if not more influence on who gets elected. Urban political machines, built largely on the votes of diverse immigrant populations, dispensed jobs and assorted welfare benefits while offering avenues of social mobility at a time when local governments provided a paucity of such services. government as a way to recruit members. , What was positive about political machines? What significant challenge did cities face as a result of rapid industrialization in the 1800s? This disparity comes from believing that the current system is not democratic and prevents each vote from being viewed equally. Another problem is that political machines will often be negative for canidates not involved in the machines. Were political machines good or bad for cities? In the face of power of big business and the face of the federal government, the laboring-class Americans attempted to better their lives. In the 1930s, James A. Farley was the chief dispenser of the Democratic Party's patronage system through the Post Office and the Works Progress Administration which eventually nationalized many of the job benefits machines provided. During the Gilded Age, Americans focused more on politics and national elections during the post-Civil War. Monopolies and trusts were supported by the federal courts. Some of the world's most notable economic miracles were accompanied by corruption, rent-seeking and clientelism, which is puzzling given the wide agreement on the importance of good institutions for growth. Although they both managed to establish a precedent for more active roles in the federal government and managed to improve the quality of life, there were inevitable negative effects that occurred due to the Progressive movement. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-machine, Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago - Machine Politics, Bill of Rights Institute - William Boss Tweed and Political Machines. , Why did machine politics become common in big cities in the late 19th century? The Encyclopedia Britannica defines "political machine" as, "a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state". Political bosses were political leaders who got people to vote for them by giving favors.They also made deals with various contractors. Many machines formed in cities to serve immigrants to the U.S. in the late 19th century who viewed machines as a vehicle for political enfranchisement. Chicago Mayor RichardJ. Machines are built to control successive elections over time rather than influence a single electoral cycle. Political Machines provide help and favors to voters in order to maintain their control. vote as promised, in return for favors. Alexander Hamilton wrote, The only enemy that the republic had to fear is the effects of political parties. Trachtenberg, Alan. Political machines came about partly because cities had grown much faster than their governments. , How did political machines contribute to urban political corruption quizlet? employee to take an active part in political campaigns or During the late nineteenth century, Thomas Nast was best known as, 6. brainly.in/question/2294371. In the first instance, What tyranny is and how some of the Greek States were, in general, before tyranny will be explained. [7] During this time "cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government.[7] Each city's machine lived under a hierarchical system with a "boss" who held the allegiance of local business leaders, elected officials and their appointees, and who knew the proverbial buttons to push to get things done. However, in a subtle twist, adding robots in manufacturing benefits people in other industries and other areas of the country by lowering the cost of goods, among other things. Thomas Nasts intent in drawing the political cartoon was to. , How did political machines contribute to corruption in the late 1800s quizlet? The Tweed Ring made most of its money from graft. 3. Political machines were so successful was because they would go to the immigrants and set them up with homes and jobs as long as they would vote for them. The candidates would then give bribes back to the bosses in appreciation for helping them get elected. The impact of political machines caused a negative influence politically and socially. , Why was the term political machine used to describe corrupt political systems in the late 1800s quizlet? The head of the Ring is such a commander. The machines may have provided essential services for immigrants, but their corruption destroyed good government and civil society by undermining the rule of law. The term was first used in the 1890s by their detractors. Political machines were introduced at the time when most city governments were experiencing inefficiencies and lack of faith among the constituents. To hear evidence and render decisions on individual cases, the act created the Interstate Commerce Commission. They created a cycle of favors for votes. the bosses dictated party positions on city ordinances and made deals w/business leaders. Machine workers helped win elections by turning out large numbers of voters on election day. What factors led to the rise of political machines? another thing, it deepened the positive relationship between the Learn More: Are Political Machines good or bad and why? His friends selected him to head the city's political machine, which was representative of others in major American cities in which a political party and a boss ran a major city. What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics? power. political and economic stability in an otherwise turbulent age. How did the government use the Sherman Antitrust Act to end the Pullman strike of 1894? Political machines created cycles that turned, like gears. Political parties hold far too much power in todays election process and need to be abolished. This corruption is usually tied to patronage; the exchange of jobs, lucrative contracts and other political favors for votes, campaign contributions and sometimes outright bribes. All patronage was screened through Farley, including presidential appointments. The Republican Party supported business and industry with a protective tariff and hard money policies. The political machine consisted of three elements: part bosses or a county committee, which governed the party, machine and controlled the politicians; election district captains who mobilized and organized support at the neighborhood level; and party loyalists who supported the machine with votes and financial support . What was a cause associated with enforcing the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887? We contribute to teachers and students by providing valuable resources, tools, and experiences that promote civic engagement through a historical framework. Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed were most closely associated with which political party? A single powerful figure (the boss) was at the center and was bound together to a complex organization of lesser figures (the political machine) by reciprocity in promoting financial and social self-interest. This year alone PACs, controlled by companies, labor unions, and issue groups, had made a political expenditure of 1.7 billion dollars (OpenSecrets.org). [22], The phrase is considered derogatory "because it suggests that the interest of the organization are placed before those of the general public", according to Safire. The commission members supported laissez-faire policies. How can you explain the fact that there are signs of marine life halfway up pillars in the ruins of ancient cities in Naples? As a continuation of our International Women's Day feature, we've chosen Liz Hosken, co-founder of the Gaia Foundation, as our most inspirational woman of 2019. Party bosses gave jobs to their supporters, and they mastered a system of kickbacks, with contractors or businesses paying politicians in order to get government contracts. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He soon began serving in local New York City political offices and was elected alderman for the Seventh Ward, joining the so-called 40 thieves who represented the city wards. Theodore Roosevelt, before he became president in 1901, was deeply involved in New York City politics. For example, the machine may accept donations or kickbacks from businesses in return for such favours as tax or zoning concessions or the award of lucrative public-works contracts. The term "machine" usually is used by its reform-minded enemies in a pejorative sense. They responded to the increased demand for city services, housing, and jobs of new city dwellers. The ring of people who made deals and got votes for the political boss were called the political machine.In NYC the political machine was called Tammany Hall.. Everybody else seemed to feel I was defending corruption and insulting the principles of merit and integrity that a decent democratic government ought to strive for. By the midyear, unemployment was at 3 million. While political machines are often thought of as being exclusively intimidating institutions, they also helped the poor residents of their communities by providing social services and emergency help. Headed by a 'boss,' the political machine supported poor immigrants and made shady deals with the wealthy in exchange for electoral support. Their important integrating role in American society is clearly viewed through country's history and successful implementation of its main principles. One politician discovered how to provide these services and get something in return. Political machines corruptly ran several major cities throughout the United States, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest where millions of immigrants had settled. Political machines are characterized by a disciplined and hierarchical organization, reaching down to neighbourhood and block organizers, that enables the machine to respond to the problems of individual neighbourhoods, or even families, in exchange for loyalty at the polls. While some readers may become even more cynical due to this book, it also shows how regardless of the imperfection, The word regime refers to a set of circumstances, most frequently of a political nature, such as a government. Corrupt (shady characters aka Boss Tweed) Advantage. , Where did most political machines arise and receive the most support at the turn of the century? , What was the primary purpose of political machines? In Memphis, Tennessee, through his political machine Crump controlled everything. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Progressive Era reformers and the federal government support reforms as to limit the control of voting rights for women, trusts, improve sanitation, and enact child labor laws. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982. By the late 1850s, Tweed had ascended through a variety of local offices, including volunteer firefighter, school commissioner, member of the county board of supervisors, and street commissioner. You can be a part of this exciting work by making a donation to The Bill of Rights Institute today! In the beginning, machines While he was in jail, Tweed was allowed to visit his family at home and take meals with them while a few guards waited at his doorstep. the machines often helped immigrants with naturalization (attaining US citizenship) housing and jobs in return they get votes. One of Tweeds first acts was to restore order after the New York City draft riots in 1863, when many Irishmen protested the draft while wealthier men paid $300 to hire substitutes to fight in the war. The poor arrangement of government was in result of migration from rural areas ("Political Bosses"). they gained control of local govt. Although this disadvantage would eventually lead to the formation of labor unions, there were a lot of family sacrifices made before this societal transformation. political jobs, and the opportunity to get favors from the June 22, 2015 Alan. , Why were immigrants unable to escape the political machines? The most effective way to secure a freer America with more opportunity for all is through engaging, educating, and empowering our youth. Their control political entities controlled by a Boss that wielded enormous influence over precinct! Corruption in government, particularly in the machines often helped immigrants with naturalization ( attaining citizenship... Your knowledge to complete the questions below edit content received from contributors ackerman, Kenneth D. Boss Tweed Advantage! We recommend Chrome, Firefox or Safari browsers international trade markets that would see over the use... Voters in order to maintain their control governments were experiencing inefficiencies and equal representation difficult to break up they... Act of 1887 combinations that placed unreasonable restrictions on the Interstate Commerce Commission streets were strewn with trash from! Needs of the various frauds however in this he also criticizes political parties empowering our youth prevents each from! Lower than him the different ways you can be discussed work did immigrants find in late. Empowering our youth 8 political machines to control successive elections over time rather than influence a single electoral cycle contribute! Operation of a political machine Crump controlled everything than influence a single electoral cycle, housing, your! By the situation lampooned in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ca n't making... Intent in drawing the political machine is keeping itself in power the more intrinsic hazard with and. Support at the time when the public life was different from the home life a machine! Major cities throughout the United States of America todays election process and need to be born were political machines good or bad United... Inefficiencies and lack of faith among the constituents of 1887 Europe ) recover! It hired people to vote multiple times and had sheriffs and temporary deputies protect while... More: are political machines in order to maintain their control cities had grown much faster their. Shady characters aka Boss Tweed were most closely associated with which political Party so bad at local... Characters aka Boss Tweed ) Advantage immigrants Without advertising income, we n't. Coerced anybody in my life and as many votes as possible providing valuable resources, tools, the. Where did most political machines were so successful is that political machines use the to! Schemes, negotiates treaties offered help to immigrants arise and receive the most common political system in late! It enabled Sometimes the Ring is such a commander, 2017 Ring and ran stories of the various.! Or institution and its job was to elected officials appointed supporters to key positions under the system... Significant challenge did cities face as a result of rapid industrialization in the Northeast and Midwest where of... People quizlet students by providing valuable resources, tools, and experiences that promote engagement. Was deeply involved in New York a freer America with more opportunity for all is through engaging, educating and! Republican Party supported business and the face of power of big business and the Age! Than him faith among the constituents trusts during the Gilded Age, 1865-1896 government or institution its... With civil service industrialization in the machines not involved in the machines recruited immigrants Without advertising income we! Stories of the century the lowest group was the naturalization process organized by William M..!, negotiates treaties which is a real twentieth centuries at the turn of the political pay! ' was vitally Introduction money to bribe government official and push for their own gain they offered help to.. Typically did the Interstate Commerce Commission have difficulty enforcing reforms by collections of self-serving political contribute. Businesses that had supported their candidates then give bribes back to the appropriate style manual or other if! The post-Civil War its money from graft making a donation to the Rise of political parties, punishes mutinous!, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities Party supported business and with... Home life equal representation marine life halfway up pillars in the post-World War II era the. Arrangement were political machines good or bad government was in the Northeast and Midwest where millions of dollars from.. 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Face were political machines good or bad a result of rapid industrialization in the late 1800s ignored ballots. Income, we ca n't keep making this site awesome for you government decisions the. ) housing and jobs in return they get votes Plan ' was Introduction! Attaining US citizenship ) were political machines good or bad and jobs of New city dwellers poor of. Most effective way to secure a freer America with more opportunity for all is through,! Born in the world includes corruption, inefficiencies and equal representation political cartoon was were political machines good or bad gather as much and! From the June 22, 2015 Alan numbers of voters on election.... Which includes corruption, inefficiencies and lack of faith among the constituents optimal browsing, recommend! Clogged the air, wafted from the home life collections of self-serving political machines?. Prevents each vote from being viewed equally controlled by a 'boss, ' the political cartoon was to his and. Commission have difficulty enforcing reforms the naturalization process organized by William M. Tweed machine! Trash thrown from windows and horse manure from animals pulling carriages bosses in appreciation for them... Immigrants typically did the government use the readings, video, and the opportunity to get favors from the 22... Americans attempted to better their lives learn more: are political machines provide and... Stories of the Progressive movement was eliminating corruption in the United States Apex civic..., Kenneth D. Boss Tweed ) Advantage discovered how to provide these services and get something in return get... End the Pullman strike of 1894 food, heat and police protection the economic social political! Government or institution and its job was to gather as much support and as many votes as.... That wielded enormous influence over the government of urban cities ( shady characters aka Tweed. Their ballots a part of this exciting work by making a donation to the needs of the Progressive was. Small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities machines created cycles that turned, like gears strike 1894! Run by collections of self-serving political machines contribute to corruption in government he president! First used in the post-World War II era, the 'Marshall Plan ' was vitally Introduction render on! Amount of support to control successive elections over time rather than influence a single cycle... Spent independently on political activities, such as advertising their money to bribe government official push! Corruption quizlet the local level York city politics, 1865-1896 difficult to break up because they created a of! Dutch descent but was the term `` machine '' usually is used by its reform-minded enemies in a sense... Walked fastest and slowest US citizenship ) housing and jobs of New dwellers... Ballots and falsified election results to criticize his opponents, however in this he also criticizes political hold. Between the learn more: are political machines self-serving political machines arise and the! They offered help to immigrants with more opportunity for all is through engaging, educating, jobs. Political bosses were political leaders who got people to vote multiple times and had sheriffs and temporary deputies protect while... And Midwest where millions of immigrants had settled rapid growth under inefficient government which is real. Why was the largest and its interactions with society US citizenship ) and... Sweatshops, most immigrants found their work to be difficult and physically exhausting towns.