The Calusa: "The Shell Indians". They arrived in seven vessels and climbed to the peak of Mound Key, a 30-foot-high, human-made island of shells and sand, to greet the king. Favored sites were likely occupied for multiple generations. /* 728x15 link ad */ The fact that the Calusa were fishers, not farmers, created tension between them and the Spaniards, who arrived in Florida when the Calusa kingdom was at its zenith, Thompson said. The Calusa may have been the only ancient people in North America who established a kingdom without practicing agriculture. They also claimed authority over the tribes of the east coast, north to about Cape Canaveral. By Paul Brinkmann. [14], The Calusa lived in large, communal houses which were two stories high. While there is no evidence that the Calusa had institutionalized slavery, studies show they would use captives for work or even sacrifice. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. The Jews are not a race. The Calusa used wooden dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and for transport. The Spanish founded a mission on Biscayne Bay in 1743 to serve survivors from several tribes, including the Calusa, who had gathered there and in the Florida Keys. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. The Calusa made bone and shell gauges that they used in net weaving. One example of a shell mound can be found at a site known as Mound Key at Estero Bay in Lee County. The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. The archaeology of the Calusa is important worldwide in that it illustrates the development of very pronounced hierarchy, inequality, monumentality and large-scale infrastructure by hunter-gatherer-fisher societies, said Chris Rodning of Tulane University, who was not involved with this research. ARTIFACTS & OBJECTS Racoon tail Fish bladder ear decorations Body tattoos Wood spear with bone tip Shell bead necklace Shell pendant Shell bead bracelet Bald Eagle Native American names The Spanish documented four cases of known succession to the position of paramount chief, recording most names in Spanish form. The Spanish reported that the chief was expected to take his sister as one of his wives. Excavation of the watercourts yielded artifacts like cordage that are not normally preserved at archaeological sites. Widmer cites George Murdock's estimate that only some 20 percent of the Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered. We began with a basic set of questions, said Marquardt. One of the most notable traditions of the Calusa was their use of shell mounds. 1). Rogel also stated that the chief's name was Caalus, and that the Spanish had changed it to Carlos. The chief organized warfare and possessed special and traditional religious knowledge. The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. Photo by Alina Zienowicz . (2004). All his subjects had to obey his commands. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. Researchers have previously hypothesized the watercourts were designed to hold fish, but this was the first attempt to study the structures systematically, including when they were built and how that timing correlates with other Calusa construction projects, Marquardt said. Although he did not know much about the history of the Calusa Indians, what he did know was the legend in Tampa that the Calusa Indians cast a spell to keep them safe. The explorers soon became the targets of the Calusa attacks. Spanish admiral Pedro Menndez de Avils (1519-1574) by Francisco de Paula Mart (1762-1827) ( Public Domain ). Are there any Calusa people left? Credit: Florida Museum of Natural History ). The capital of the Calusa, and where the rulers administered from, was Mound Key, near present day Estero, Florida. At some point of time in their history, this tribe discovered that there was a wealth of fish in the waters, and began to exploit this resource. Because the Timucua didn't use money, though, a shaman would be given such items as baskets or turkeys. The first phase of work included the creation of a detailed topographic map of the island using LiDAR, which gave archaeologists information about its structures and geography. "[6] In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief's father, and the military leader was his cousin. The fishing nets they used to catch food were made from palm tree fibers. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. The watercolors illustrate the blue, black, gray, and brownish-red pigments found on many of the wooden specimens. It is clear the Calusa possessed an extraordinary understanding of and sensitivity to their natural environment. It's also possible that a few were absorbed into the Seminole tribe. They were a very innovative and prosperous tribe, and had a number of traditions that set them apart from other tribes in the area. What did the Calusa tribe believe in? The Calusa people based most of their diet on seafood. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months.[27]. In. Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 15:27. 2). Florida of the Indians. The Calusa Indians, who live in southwest Florida, are weakened by epidemics. Miccosukee. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. These massive, rectangular structures built of shell and sediment enclose large areas on both sides of the mouth of Mound Keys great canal, a marine highway nearly 2,000 feet long and about 100 feet wide that bisects the island. Known as the "Shell Indians", the Calusa are . Since the soft limestone that surrounded them was unfitting for tool and weapon production, they decided to use shells, wood, fish teeth, and bone for tools. To date no one has found a Calusa dugout canoe, but it is speculated that such vessels would have been constructed from cypress or pine, as used by other Florida tribes. The ancestors of the Calusa are said to have survived by hunting prehistoric animals such as woolly mammoths and giant tortoises, and collecting fruits and other edible plants. The Calusa remained committed to their belief system despite Spanish attempts to convert them to Catholicism. Could we find unequivocal architectural evidence that Mound Key was the Calusa capital town, as had long been suggested? 01 Mar 2023 , 3260 South Street The lifestyle of the Calusa was leisurely, and they enjoyed numerous celebrations and feasts, many of which were connected to religious ceremonies at which lavish meals were prepared. Soon 20 war canoes attacked the Spanish, who drove off the Calusa, killing or capturing several of them. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. They fished and hunted for their food and would catch things like: mullet, catfish, eels, turtles, deer, conchs, clams, oysters, and crabs. The Calusa believed that their cacique was not only the leader of their tribe, but also their spiritual leader. [4], Between 500 and 1000, the undecorated, sand-tempered pottery that had been common in the area was replaced by "Belle Glade Plain" pottery. The Calusa and their legacy: South Florida people and their environments. Julian Granberry has suggested that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley. While archaeologists in Florida have recovered several village sites of Calusa habitation, including burial mounds, shell ridges, canals, and plazas, The University Museums 1896 excavations at Key Marco provided extraordinary clues to our understanding of Calusa ceremonialism and daily life. Fowler Williams, .Lucy"The Calusa Indians: Maritime Peoples of Florida in the Age of Columbus" Expedition Magazine 33.2 (1991): n. pag. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. In the wake of conflict and European-borne disease, the Calusa were extinguished by the second half of the 18th century. They left 1,700 behind. But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Those excavations revealed rarely preserved objects of wood, such as masks, figureheads, bowls, and tools, which survived because of the wet environment. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world ( Art by Merald Clark. Mound Key Archaeological State Park is a shell midden mound in the Estero Bay that is estimated to have been inhabited over 2,000 years ago. they did speacial dances. 9). This lasted until about 1750, and included the historic Calusa people. Florida Museum of Natural History Florida and Georgia archaeologists have discovered the location of Fort San Antn de Carlos, home of one of the first Jesuit missions in North America. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. A reconstruction of a Calusa home and terraces, on display at the Florida Museum of Natural History. The shell mounds are an example of these remains. The Iroquois, on the other hand, placed the shaman at the head of all things spiritual. Man in Peru Caught Out Drinking With an 800-year-old Mummy! [2], Paleo-Indians entered what is now Florida at least 12,000 years ago. According to these accounts, the Calusa had a head chief named Carlos who lived in Calos and received tribute from surrounding villages. Additionally, it has been pointed out that tribute was sent to this chief from other tribes in south Florida. Study guides. It was during this time that the team located the Spanish fort Fort San Antn de Carlos, named for the Catholic patron saint of lost things that historic documents said was built near Caalus house in 1566. Ivar the Boneless was likely the son of legendary Viking king Ragnar Lothbrok, and raided alongside his father and brothers, eventually becoming ruler of York in England in the 9th century AD. The men wore deerskin breechcloths. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. [Online]Available at: http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm, Florida Museum of Natural History, 2016. The Calusa Indians were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. It is based on the Creek and Mikasuki (languages of the present-day Seminole and Miccosukee nations) ethnonym for the people who had lived around the Caloosahatchee River (also from the Creek language). The Calusa have long fascinated archaeologists because they were a fisher-gatherer-hunter society that attained unusual social complexity, said William Marquardt, curator emeritus of South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography at the Florida Museum of Natural History. (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. Tabby was later used by the English in their American colonies and in Southern plantations. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menndez de Avils in 1566. The other two souls left the body after death and entered into an animal. The Calusa also made fish traps, weirs, and fish corrals from wood and cord. It has also been stated that the Spanish were brought into a large temple, where they saw carved and painted wooden masks covering its walls. The soul in the eye's pupil stayed with the body after death, and the Calusa would consult with that soul at the graveside. One is left only to imagine how lifelike these wooden figureheads must have appeared when used on ceremonial occasions. During Menndez de Avils's visit in 1566, the chief's wife was described as wearing pearls, precious stones and gold beads around her neck. He was aware, however, of the magnitude of his findings: the remains of a highly organized maritime society whose members performed elaborate rituals and whose artists possessed remarkable abilities in wood carving. Penn Museum, 1991 Web. 215.898.4000. In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. Additionally, it has been suggested that the population of this tribe may have reached 50000 people at one point of time. The Calusa kingdom was eventually devastated by European diseases as well as slave raids by enemy tribes. An analysis of faunal remains at one coastal habitation site, the Wightman site (on Sanibel Island), showed that more than 93 percent of the energy from animals in the diet came from fish and shellfish, less than 6 percent of the energy came from mammals, and less than 1 percent came from birds and reptiles. The men of the Calusa are recorded to have been powerfully built, and let their hair grow long. While a few Calusa individuals may have stayed behind and been absorbed into the Seminole, no documentation supports that. By the early 19th century, Anglo-Americans in the area used the term Calusa for the people. They were a fierce, independent tribe that lived in southwest Florida as early as 2,000 years ago. The Calusa Native Americans. At the time of first European contact, the Caloosahatchee culture region formed the core of the Calusa domain. Around 1983, Donald found remains (ancient pottery and burial mounds) of Calusa Indians on some of his property, Josslyn Island. Re-entering the area in 1614, Spanish forces attacked the Calusa as part of a war between the Calusa and Spanish-allied tribes around Tampa Bay. For a long time, societies that relied on fishing, hunting and gathering were assumed to be less advanced, said Marquardt. A new tribe that entered Florida either from the islands or the north at the start of the Christian Era, the Calusa dominated South Florida with their statute, skills, and brutality. Unlike other Indian tribes, the Calusa did not make many. The Tequesta Indians were a tribe of eastern Florida, closely connected with the Ais. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Their main waterway was the Calooshahatchee River, which means River of the Calusa. The chief is said to have entertained the governor in a building so large that it could hold 2000 people in it. When Pedro Menndez de Avils visited in 1566, the Calusa served only fish and oysters to the Spanish. Archaeological and historical documentation reveal that Calusa society was highly structured, with individuals living in fixed settlements surrounding a large central town. A diorama of a Calusa chief in the Florida Museum of Natural History. The men were responsible for work away from the home, like hunting and raiding. The Calusa persisted for another century in isolation, but eventually succumbed to slave raids by Creek Indians from the north and exposure to diseases they brought. Fish bones and scales recovered from one of the watercourts indicate the Calusa were capturing schooling species such as mullet, pinfish and herring. Wiki User. ed. 2013-09-27 21:18:35. support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages. google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; The Calusa (said to mean fierce people ) are a Native American tribe that once inhabited the southwestern coast of Florida. The next day 80 "shielded" canoes attacked the Spanish ships, but the battle was inconclusive. The mission was closed after only a few months. They had lived in the region since the 3rd century BCE (the late Archaic period of the continent ), and remained for roughly 2,000 years, [1] By the 1800s, most had died as a result of settlement battles, slavery, and disease. The Jesuit Menendez noted that in the early hours of the morning, Carlos would sit on a stool with his people around him to discuss the ideas presented by the missionaries. Known as the first shell collectors, the Calusa used shells as tools, utensils, building materials, vessels for domestic and ceremonial use and for personal adornment. . After ten days a man who spoke Spanish approached Ponce de Len's ships with a request to wait for the arrival of the Calusa chief. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. The Calusas as Shell Indians The Calusas are considered to be the first "shell collectors." Shells were discarded into huge heaps. Many people lived in large villages with purpose-built earthwork mounds, such as those at Horr's Island. Tabby was an Old World concrete consisting of lime from burned shells mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. By 880, a complex society had developed with high population densities. The Calusa people's diet consisted mainly of fish and shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico and its many waterways. The canals were maintained until the mid-1700s, when the tribe disappeared from . One illustration of the sophistication of the Calusa can be found in eyewitness accounts of an event in 1566. Conversion would have destroyed the source of their authority and legitimacy. Figuring out how to shore up the walls of wooden buildings using a very early kind of tabby architecture is impressive and represents creative thinking and ingenuity in an unfamiliar and challenging setting, said Marquardt. The CalusaPeople of the Estuary. At the time of the excavations Cushing did not know the name or precise age of the Indians whose world he had discovered. One of the most popular Native American sports was lacrosse. Seeking Native American Spirituality: Read This First! This tribe of Indians controlled most of Southwest Florida and created an elaborate network of canals, homes, and government. Apart from that, shells are said to have been used by the Calusa to make all sorts of things, including tools, jewelry, utensils, and even spearheads for fishing and hunting. Penn Museum 2023 Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help / Contact / Copyright / Disclaimer / Privacy /, Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help. By interceding with these spirits, it was believed that the chief was ensuring that his people would be well-supplied by the land. Well-preserved nets, net floats, and hooks were found at Key Marco, in the territory of the neighboring Muspa tribe. [17], The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. No Zamia pollen has been found at any site associated with the Calusas, nor does Zamia grow in the wetlands that made up most of the Calusa environment. [26], For more than a century after the Avils adventure, there was little contact between the Spanish and Calusa. The site of the excavation appears to be linked with Calusa ceremonialism and was one location at which wooden carvings, probably used in ritual, were housed. [4], The Calusa had a stratified society, consisting of "commoners" and "nobles" in Spanish terms. Though questions about the Calusa and the use of some of these artifacts remain unanswered, early eyewitness accounts and ethnohistorical research, together with new archaeological developments in Florida, enhance our understanding of the cultural context within which these objects were made and used. Among other things. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. People began creating fired pottery in Florida by 2000 BC.[3]. Uniquely, it was powered by fishing, not farming. Return to American Indians for Children Five friars who stayed in the chief's house in 1697 complained that the roof let in the rain, sun and dew. Such hierarchy and inequality are generally characteristics of societies that practice agriculture, he observed. The Calusa king Caalus, perched high on his throne in his grand house, watched as Pedro Menendez de Aviles, the first governor of La Florida, arrived with his entourage. In 1763, Spain ceded Florida to England and surviving Calusas were taken to Cuba. Add an answer. The process of shaping the boat was achieved by burning the middle and subsequently chopping and removing the charred center, using robust shell tools. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. The chief's house, and possibly the other houses at Calos, were built on top of earthen mounds. When Pedro Menndez de Avils visited the capital in 1566, he described the chief's house as large enough to hold 2,000 without crowding, indicating it also served as the council house. 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