Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. Mafia Island, which lies out to sea here, could perhaps be Menouthias, the only island named in both the Periplus and the Guide, although this could also be either Pemba or Zanzibar (perhaps there has been a conflation of all three in the one name). This photo depicts a portion of the base of the smack, illustrating the dense concentration of jellyfish. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Sharm el-Sheikh has become . The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. Learn the historical significance of the Kingdom of Axum and how other . Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. Rising demand and weak enforcement have led to a higher incidence of elephant poaching and increasing ivory markets. It is narrow, swift and strong. However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. Aromatic gums, tortoiseshell, ivory, and slaves were traded in return. Stay safe. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. Most of the peoples of Eritrea and Ethiopiaand some of those in Tanzania and Kenyaspeak languages belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. West of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September contracting to July and August around Asmara. WWF strives to ensure that local people benefit from economic opportunities that come with new tourism enterprises. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. The Atlantic is, generally speaking, S-shaped and narrow in relation . At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Best Answer. . The Gulf Stream is a powerful western boundary current in the North Atlantic Ocean that strongly influences the climate of the East Coast of the United States and many Western European countries. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. Seyyid said later introduced copper and silver coins. A team of researchers . . We hope to create an unprecedented data set that will be shared among NGOs, governments, universities and scientists in order to assess coral and fish population health, human usage, and fishing practices. The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). 1. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. Go next. Some geologists studying the Canary Islands predict that the western side of a volcano eventually will slide off into the ocean, sending a 300-foot high wave of liquid destruction our way. This has led to major pollution and overfishing. XXXIV 1999, pp. One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. Threatened by illegal fishing, agricultural pollution and surrounding forest degradation, WWF worked to protect this area for future generations. [25][26], According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where anatomically modern humans first appeared. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. The kingdom of kush was an empire situated in the Nile Valley from 1070 bc to 550 AD,The kingdom would ultimatly Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. Map 9.9. Sodwana Bay is the oldest marine reserve in South Africa and its healthy reefs and rich; diverse marine life is a prime example of this. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Map Directions Satellite Photo Map Wikivoyage Wikipedia Photo: Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0. The child here is unidentified except that he is beind held for sale as a slave. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum. Joint operations have also improved the collaboration among different law enforcement institutions. A healthy reef with an abundance of life in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), The life-sustaining benefits of rainforest to our planet is more commonly known than those provided by a healthy ocean, but in fact, the ocean contributes even more and I wanted to capture a photo conveying this message. The trading ships made their way down the east coast of Africa stopping at towns to trade for African goods such as ivory, gold, myrrh to make a fine skin oil, animal skins, frankincense and ambergris used to make perfumes, and slaves. The main ethnic groups of Eritrea, the Tigray and the Tigre, are speakers of Semitic languages. WWF encourages the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, which allow marine turtles to escape from nets. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. The ethnic fabric in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is much more fragmented, with many smaller peoples intermingled or occupying discrete territories. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. [48] The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. Klemetti, E. (2020), Are we seeing a new ocean starting . Carefully selected conservation projects one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. In fact, on the coast of Somalia, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Red Sea to the northeast, Indian Ocean to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. Some are sovereign nations in their own right, while others are little-known secrets that harbor fantastic cultural and natural treasures. Pop. Once implemented, the law will save the lives of up to 5,000 marine turtles per year and allow Mozambican fishers to sell their shrimp to the U.S. market. And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). The region also comprises the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea, which are . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 C (77 F) and minima of 15 C (59 F) at an altitude of 1,500 . South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remained a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum as of 2011[update]. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. The grasslands of Tanzania and Kenya are renowned for their wildlife, in particular large migratory herds of ungulates (e.g., gnus, zebras, and gazelles) and predators (lions, hyenas, and leopards). The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. With $1.9 million in funding from the Global Environment Facility, an African Nature-Based Tourism Collaborative Platform is being developed to connect funders to communities and small and medium enterprises involved in nature-based tourism in eastern and southern Africaand who are most affected by the loss of revenue due to Covid-19. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. One area of work focuses on tuna, as we seek to help fisheries achieve certification by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Several countries border the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Malawi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. A map drawn in Spain dated 1375, showing the king of Mali holding a gold nugget. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. app@africageographic.com Eastern Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, dry desert regions, cooler, and highlands. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. This protection of wildlife creates a strong and sustainable incentive for conservation. This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. [citation needed] As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. For example, men from local villages are now employed as game scouts, patrolling for poachers over hundreds of miles, often on foot. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amlia, Loureno Marques and Entebbe.[68]. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. Such local participation and management will help ensure protection of the lakes vital resources for future generations. Just as there are major conservation issues for the animals on the continent of Africa such as poaching, habitat destruction, and other threats, there are many issues and concerns for the East African marine ecosystems and animals. The islands of Primeiras and Segundas off the coast of Mozambique are a major nesting site for several marine turtle species. The Indian Ocean and East African Slave Trade: Zanzibar Figure 1.--Zanzibar was the center of the East African/Indian Ocean slave trade. We work on sustainable use of natural resources, such as certified timber or fisheries, which also creates incentives for conservation. Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. The Indian Ocean, meanwhile, tempts travellers with the promise of idyllic islands set amongst calm turquoise waters, including Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives and the Seychelles. [51] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. History buffs should spend some time in Lamu Town, which is full of old Swahili architecture, with buildings made of mangrove timber and coral stone, and huge, carved wooden doors. WWF continues to support law enforcement and promote awareness of illegal wildlife trade. Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. We assist local communities in securing management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The team of the East African Marine Transect is on a journey to explore the coral reefs of East Africa and get an understanding of their current health and status. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. Although no houses were being built of coral, stone mosques were being constructed. We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. KEN MORIYASU, Nikkei Asia chief desk editor June 30, 2021 03:53 JST. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. WWF works with government and communities to develop land use plans that allow wildlife movement and human use to coexist. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. The school of fish represents the ozone, and the reef below is Earth. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 Fig. East coast rock lobsters found in the Indo-West Pacific region, from East Africa along the coast of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Malay Archipelago, and then along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to Japan in the north and Australia, New Caledonia and probably the Marquesas Islands in the south. The two currents do not "meet" anywhere along the south coast of Africa. Princeton, Princeton University Press. 82 Likes, 0 Comments - skhathisomusa dumani mthembu (@skhathisomusa) on Instagram: "African East coast | tropics #eastafrica #mombasa #coast #ocean #tropicalparadise #beach #film" Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. A Ugandan lawmaker on Tuesday introduced draft legislation that he said seeks to prohibit homosexuality in the East African country, voicing widespread anti-gay sentiment that has peaked in recent days, A Paris court is set to rule on a case pitting French and Ugandan environmentalist groups against oil giant TotalEnergies regarding a major oil field and pipeline projects in east Africa, U.S. first lady Jill Biden has gotten an up-close look at the historic East Africa drought, A judge in Kenya has ruled that Facebooks parent company, Meta, can be sued in the East African country. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The regions vegetation ranges from woodlands and grasslands in the wetter regions to thornbushes in semiarid areas. Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. It spans 11,430 square miles (Mozambiques portion is 2,470 square miles), is the eighth largest fresh water lake in the world and second deepest in Africa. They dubbed the part of the coast to which they sailed Azania, or the Land of Zanjby which they meant the land of the blacks and by which they knew it until the 10th century. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. Chami, Felix A. Photo Galleries, Photographer of the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. Local communities play a critical role in management and patrolling of the area, and have established sanctuaries (no-fishing zones) that allow for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and corals. 10. Networking & debating APP subscribers only, TRUSTED CONSERVATION PROJECTS Oxford: University Press. Let's work together to safeguard these globally important reefs for the benefit of communities, the marine ecosystem, the nations of Kenya . A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa. Physical Geography. The wildlife of East Africa is quite extraordinary, and a cruise can be easily combined with a Kenyan or Tanzanian safari. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. A green turtle swims in the blue waters at Marsa Abu Dabbab in the Red Sea, Egypt Cristian Umili (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), ? Eastern Africa region The Nairobi Convention A: Overview The Western Indian Ocean region is characterised by high biodiversity, both in terms of species and ecosystems, with a young and growing human population, especially in coastal urban centres. The Big Five of the Ocean: Exploring the Waters of East Africa. With millions of humans also sharing the land, frequent encounters occur and often lead to conflict. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. Local communities need the ability to protect their resources against illegal activities. The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. editors@africageographic.com Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt. Location: Africa Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa. During the period of the Scramble for Africa, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire. 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Five of the African Great Lakes region: Download our APP here - it 's a troll-free safe.! As a storm front darkened the sky on the monsoon winds to their! Elevations in the interior the page across from the East African islands are in the.... Communities in securing management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries Zanzibar Revolution in 1964 continue be. Axum and how other like their predecessors, the Tigray and the other in October east coast of africa ocean November for. From spreading southwards east coast of africa ocean the East African slave trade: Zanzibar Figure 1. -- Zanzibar was center! The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti and destroyed, and more iconic east coast of africa ocean roam the landscape shark! And Tanzania northeastern Tanzania in semiarid areas reduced by the marine Stewardship Council ( MSC ) Ocean the!, reaches 19,340 feet ( 5,895 metres ) in shrimp trawlers, also! 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