What is a lytic infection? During lysogeny, the prophage will persist in the host chromosome until induction, which results in the excision of the viral genome from the host chromosome. Lysogens typically reside in the cell for long There are two processes used by viruses to replicate: the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle is known as the active cycle, whereas the lysogenic cycle is the dormant phase of the virus. The incubation period of the West Nile Virus is 2-15 days. This process can be as. School Excelsior University; Course Title MICROBIOLO micro; Type. The lytic cycle results in the death of the host cell. These monoclonal antibodies act as natural antibodies and neutralize the glycoprotein, preventing the virus from entering the cell. During the lytic cycle of virulent phage, the bacteriophage takes over the cell, reproduces new phages, and destroys the cell. Bacteriophages replicate only in the cytoplasm, since prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. The combined damage of the Ebola virus may result in organ failure, septic shock, and death. The Ebola virus uses the lytic cycle for replication. Ebola is incurable and deadly. The life cycle of bacteriophages has been a good model for understanding how viruses affect the cells they infect, since similar processes have been observed for eukaryotic viruses, which can cause immediate death of the cell or establish a latent or chronic infection. The six species of Ebola virus are the only other known members of the filovirus family. Latent viruses may remain dormant by existing as circular viral genome molecules outside of the host chromosome. are licensed under a, Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, Unique Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells, Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria and Phototrophic Bacteria, Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Viruses, Using Biochemistry to Identify Microorganisms, Other Environmental Conditions that Affect Growth, Using Microbiology to Discover the Secrets of Life, Structure and Function of Cellular Genomes, How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity, Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics, Microbes and the Tools of Genetic Engineering, Visualizing and Characterizing DNA, RNA, and Protein, Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Using Physical Methods to Control Microorganisms, Using Chemicals to Control Microorganisms, Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, History of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Discovery, Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, Virulence Factors of Eukaryotic Pathogens, Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response, Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Production, Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, Protozoan and Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections, Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System, Fundamentals of Physics and Chemistry Important to Microbiology, Taxonomy of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms. Hepatitis C virus and HIV are two examples of viruses that cause long-term chronic infections. This occurs through contraction of the tail sheath, which acts like a hypodermic needle to inject the viral genome through the cell wall and membrane. This is done by creating antibodies that can bind to the receptors on the cell membrane, preventing the virus from attaching to the host cell's receptors and gaining entry into the cell. Before entering the nucleus, the virus's host shutoff factors degrade host cell mRNA in order to halt host protein production. Viruses cannot replicate on their own. Ebola is a rare and deadly virus that causes a high fever, headache, and hemorrhaging. If the cell is in stress or has low amounts of nutrients, the lysogenic pathway is typically activated. The Zaire ebolavirus, more commonly known as the Ebola virus, was linked to severe EVD outbreaks such as the 1976 viral hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Sudan and Congo. The lysogenic cycle is a method by which a virus can replicate its DNA using a host cell. Ebola virus is one of the species within the genus Ebolavirus and family Filoviridae, characterized by the long, single-stranded, and filamentous negative-sense RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses. Therefore, rabies is lysogenic, not lytic. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane. During the lysogenic pathway, following penetration, the phage genome is integrated into the host cell genome, forming a prophage. (b) After a period of latency, the virus can reactivate in the form of shingles, usually manifesting as a painful, localized rash on one side of the body. (credit: modification of work by NIAID, NIH), (a) Varicella-zoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, has an enveloped icosahedral capsid visible in this transmission electron micrograph. The second stage of infection is entry or penetration. There are two licensed vaccines for the Ebola virus, according to WHO. The lytic cycle is relatively more common, wherein a virus infects a host cell, uses its metabolism to multiply, and then destroys the cell completely. One of the interesting things about the Ebola virus is its ability to replicate through the lytic cycle, a mechanism of virus replication that uses the host cell to produce new copies of viral particles and destroy the host cell's DNA. In the lytic cycle, the phage replicates and lyses the host cell. Once new virus particles are replicated, the increase in the number of viral proteins signals the change from translation to replication. The genus Ebolavirus consists of six species, but only four have been known to cause human disease: Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. Polymerase genes are usually expressed early in the cycle, while capsid and tail proteins are expressed later. Ebola is a lytic virus - it reproduces due to the lytic cycle The lysogenic cycle involves the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within. When the host bacterium reproduces, the prophage genome is replicated and passed on to each bacterial daughter cells. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the Ebola virus disease has an average case fatality of 50%. . After entering the host cell, the virus synthesizes virus-encoded endonucleases to degrade the bacterial chromosome. During the initial stage, an inoculum of virus causes infection. The pathogen attaches to specific receptors on the host cell wall. Additionally, Ebola can also be contracted through exposure to contaminated surfaces, needles or medical equipment. Since Ebola can be serious, prevention is essential. A patient may be unaware that he or she is carrying the virus unless a viral diagnostic test has been performed. The siRNAs stick to the viral piece of RNA upon encountering it, hindering the viral RNA from replicating new viral particles. If the virus can infect human, can the same virus also infect bacteria? Further investigations revealed that Duncan had just returned from Liberia, one of the countries in the midst of a severe Ebola epidemic. Is the lytic or lysogenic cycle more dangerous? Is a latent phage undetectable in a bacterium? Although the example diagram shown below refers to a bacteriophage and not Ebola, the cycles process is similar. typically use the cell's machinery to make as many virions as This releases the new virions, or virus complexes, so they can infect more cells. Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD), is a severe and often deadly illness caused by the Ebola virus. Consequently, the hijacking of the host cell's mechanism results in the cell's inability to function or death. The lysogenic cycle is a process in which the virus enters the host cell but doesn't immediately destroy it. As the bacterium replicates its chromosome, it also replicates the phage's DNA and passes it on to new daughter cells during reproduction. Symptoms of Ebola include fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). Two days later, Duncan returned to the hospital by ambulance. Lytic animal viruses follow similar infection stages to bacteriophages: attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release (see Figure 6.10). 3.The lysogenic cycle is followed by the lytic cycle, but the lytic cycle cannot be followed by . The first proposed treatment focuses on inhibiting the Ebola replication process using small fragments of genetic material called small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), designed to match a particular piece of the virus' RNA. The final stage is release. In August 2014, two infected US aid workers and a Spanish priest were treated with ZMapp, an unregistered drug that had been tested in monkeys but not in humans. EVD most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). The virus enters the body through broken skin or unprotected mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and mouth. This causes the host cell or cells to burst. There are two key characteristics of the Ebola virus that reveals this. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Binding of the virus to the host target cell 2. Lysogenic cycle is a rarer method of viral reproduction and depends largely upon the lytic cycle. to do so), Ebola typically bursts from the cells via apoptosis and/or pyroptosis. 1: A virulent phage shows only the lytic cycle pictured here. 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