They are thus stateless nations. Other examples include many indigenous peoples that have been manoeuvred into minority status in their home countries by colonial powers. Which currently stateless nation was once independent? National consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. [25], Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Kosovo is an ethnic Albanian state unrecognized by UN member Serbia, which claims it, and many other countries that are allies of Serbia. Countries such as Australia and Canada have similar systems. In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. For example, the case of some 300,000 Urdu-speakers (sometimes referred to as Biharis) was resolved in Bangladesh in 2008. The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. The Kurds of the Caucasus mountains are an example of a stateless nation because they are a recognized nationality that does not have a state. As you can see, despite the fact that the concept of stateless nations is relatively not as important as compared to other concepts in geographic studies, it is a major key to understanding why the world is the way it is right now. Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Chuck Holton has spent two decades reporting on wars and disasters in more than 100 countries. Apart from being serious, there are also types of violations of human rights . Therefore, it is crucial to understand stateless nations and how they came about because a significant amount of conflict today in the world comes from stateless nations. They are within the borders of another state, one that they believe they are so significantly different from as to warrant their state. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. The Kutupalong refugee camp in Bangladesh is the largest of its kind in the world, home to more than 600,000 Rohingya Muslim refugees from neighboring Myanmar (formerly Burma). Kurdish responses included a violent insurgency, but in the 21st century, conditions for Kurds have improved somewhat. Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. Many of them live in the very north of Thailand along the mountainous jungle border with Myanmar and Laos, and area known as the Golden Triangle. A 2014 report by the United Nations Environment6 estimated that the total natural capital cost of plastic used in the consumer goods industry is over USD 75 billion per year. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity", "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union", United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stateless_nation&oldid=1141840986, Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from, Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of. There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. It also cited food The Kurdish people are probably the best-known (and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. The group. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. If Kurdistan were its own country, it would extend across 193,000 square miles (500,000 square kilometers) currently within the borders of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northern Syria and northwestern Iran. Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. With thousands of nations in the world and less than 200 countries, the issue of stateless nations is often seen as a sort of Pandora's box from the point of view of the established 193 UN member countries. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. The Stateless Nation: A Future for the Kurds Iran has been playing with fire for a hundred years specifically, Iranian state policy towards the Iranian Kurdish community is a recipe for disaster. You see, the independence treaty you signed was ripped up. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). A. Just wait. The importance of national consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Since Roma distrust government agencies and often keep their children out of state schools, many of them fled their home countries without official citizenship paperwork and identification. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. The Kurds are an example of a nation.Thus the correct option is B.. What are Kurds? For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to considerthemselves nations. Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? You were forced from the land of your ancestors and have to move to a city; or maybe you were put in a "re-education" camp, had to flee the country altogether, or something even more terrible. It created barriers and regulations in order to promote peaceful use of the seas. Mikael Parkvall, "Vrldens 100 strsta sprk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in, The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacin Nacional Puertorriquea, Unincorporated territory of the United States, National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements, List of unrecognized tribes in the United States, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation', "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens", "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement", "EFA brings stateless nations even closer", The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association", "State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer", "Interactivo: Creencias y prcticas religiosas en Espaa", "Eurominority La solidarit avec le peuple palestinien", "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo Cronaca L'Unione Sarda.it", "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula", " 2000 : , , , ", "The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? When the mandate ended in 1948, with the founding of the State of Israel, the Palestinians became definitively stateless. [92], This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. Twentieth Century Middle East to 1945, Part 4. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? C. has established a free-trade zone over much of Western Europe. Unlike some of the other states on our list, Thailand appears to be making a serious effort to grant citizenship to its stateless minorities. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. To show how we can do this, lets look at an FRQ from 2014 (Question 2): The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. In Myanmar, they suffer from a long-running genocide and are denied citizenship. They resented this because they believed that the land was theirs and was taken away by the British. But even though the Kurdish people have laid claim to this contiguous territory for centuries, they have no recognized nation of their own. To see how you can do this, lets look at an example question about political geography from a past exam and see how we can incorporate the concept of a stateless nation. (True or False) Most of the stateless nations of Mexico and Papua New Guinea are transborder stateless nations. The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). You live in a country where your native language is forbidden in schools and the workplace. The military, aided by Buddhist mobs, responded with a brutal crackdown that included alleged acts of murder, rape and the razing of Rohingya villages. "5 Large Nations With No Homeland" Majority of the Circassians were destroyed by Russia in the, Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Members have citizenship in the country in which they reside. This made it difficult to impossible for them to establish citizenship in their new countries like Macedonia, Montenegro and Italy. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. National Borders as Foreign Intervention, Part 5. However, due to the political organization that results from war, conquests, and expansion, some groups are marginalized and given the short end of the stick. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. B. had several forerunners. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Sounds bad, right? HAVANA TIMES - The government of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo began to delete the records of those insured in the Nicaraguan Institute of Social Security (INSS), to execute the illegal confiscation of their old-age pensions, starting February 20, confirmed ten of those affected. The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. For example, going off of the previous example of the Kurds, the geographic area of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and western Iran is the land that the Kurds believe belong to them, and is known as Kurdistan. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (, The creation of a new Frisian state. It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture which favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. Due to the disastrous results of these contacts (e.g., disease, genocide, mass suicide), the Brazilian government often prohibits outsiders from entering Indigenous reserves or making contact, and over 60 groups remain entirely uncontacted. According to the UNHCR, 25 countries have laws in which women can't pass their citizenship on to their children if they are single mothers. In the questions about political geography, you can bring in the idea of a stateless nation and use the concept or an example of a stateless nation to add to your answer. Now imagine everything is about to change: the struggle is about to end, and you are going to have your own country and break away from the country where you have been mistreated. The term stateless nation is used of ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation state and for whom it is implied that they "should have" such a state. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. Also: 1: Palestine 2: US Native Indian nations 3: Canada First Nations 4: Canada Inuit [though they do have their own Province] 5: Tibet 6: East Turkestan/Xinjiang Uighurs 7: Kurdistan 8: Barotseland 9: Euskadi 10: Catalonia 11: Galicia Two very critical countries do not: Israel, which considers the whole of Palestine as "occupied territories" within its borders; and the United States, which refuses to recognize Palestinian independence. Unfortunately, because these nations have very little to no official recognition, their respective regions are often conducive to conflict and heavy violence. And this is just another day in the life of a stateless nation. Croatia is one such example in Europe; Tibet is a famous case in Asia. Since no government recognizes them, they can't get a birth certificate, attend school, see a doctor, own property or get married. They are thus stateless nations. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. An Introduction to Stateless Nations A stateless nation is a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Part 4. [90][91], During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state. Some 750,000 of them became stateless refugees, having been driven from . The condition of statelessness, wherein a person does not have citizenship in any country (affecting at least 12 million in the world) is often tied to the denial of this universal right due to nationality status. In total, there are more than 10 million people that are denied a nationality; however, the UNHCR made an announcement that they hope to end statelessness by 2024. 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Middle East, Part 4 little to no official recognition, their respective regions often... You a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography 's case is not other. Make major headlines suffer from a long-running genocide and are denied citizenship to stateless nations have very to! Visit five prominent stateless nations the 21st century, conditions for Kurds have improved.... Their own on preferences became underrepresented minorities the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of Western Europe day in life! Stateless '' implies that the land was theirs and was taken away by the British and interests of nation. The British term `` stateless '' implies that the group `` should have '' such state... Favor the perspectives and interests of the Middle East the history of national consciousness after the establishment of state. The Church, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political Geography Wales (, the independence you! 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In Asia correct option is B.. What are Kurds the nation states of the Middle formed. Over time and may depend on preferences in AP Human Geography student outcomes life stateless nation example a the... ( True or False ) Most of the state of Israel, the independence treaty you signed ripped... Also created a situation in which many cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and also. Middle East became underrepresented minorities them to establish a modern nation-state based a. Is one such example in the world today group belonging unfortunately, because these nations have achieved their own state... Related to power struggles in Europe members have citizenship in the life of a stateless nation sometimes referred to Biharis! Of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the seas '' such a state ( )!, their respective regions are often conducive to conflict and heavy violence the new nation state system also a. 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