Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. What is happening in Lagos should not be different. However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. Potential environmental impact of land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. The second example is another site known as Borikiri in the outskirts of Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. A future gas plant is to be located at the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the eastern part of Abu Qir Bay. The most dominant species found was white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) (108) followed by red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa) (104), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) (77) and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (17). It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. It is also designed in such a way that it will accommodate massive commercial and residential purposes. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. In a preliminary study conducted in the sand dredged area, soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis at three sites (T1, T2 and T3) from the back of the sand filled area to the entrance of the sand fill area (Figure 8). It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Backing the argument of Nwilo, a former Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan, Adetoye Faniran, viewed the matter in a way that seems supernatural. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. You have entered an incorrect email address! This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. Several communities, they said, have been swept away amid predictions that if restraints on land reclamation are not taken into account, Lagos may be submerged by 2050. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. This is because of the rising spate of sand mining activities that had taken over most coastal areas. The Land Reclamation practice area is a multidisciplinary practice that involves understanding site characteristics, desired land use outcomes and stakeholder considerations with the objective of developing a functional predetermined end land use. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. This method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. How? SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. Large-scale reclamation projects made land more valuable in places like . But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. From the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around 22. The results of the physico-chemical analysis and the species abundance test were derived as shown in Figure 9. Thus in other to expand the land area to accommodate the industrial complex, surrounding creeks were mowed down; sand filled and solidifies to build offices and apartments for workers. This situation had led to the loss of many species. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. This results to the killing of a large number of organisms such as sessile animals, for example anemones, mussels and barnacles that attach to rocks. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Therefore with the enormous power conferred on the governments in each state, they can easily acquire or seize land in the name of public good and repossess it as private property for their personal aggrandizement. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Physical land covers all the earth including land surface, sub-surface, under water and super surface (atmosphere). In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. 1. The next kind of management is human management [19]. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. Landscape reclamation is used to remediate polluted and devastated area in many parts of the world such as abandoned coal mine, crude oil exploration site and abandoned aquaculture. Because of the non-use of the palms they had been removed from several locations with the aid of swamp buggies as a means of mitigating their negative environmental effect. This will however, take 1020years to stabilize. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Map of some areas around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. Licensee IntechOpen. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. The plants growing on the sand fill area are between 0.5m and 1.0m tall. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. Answer this early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. The continuous pumping and pouring of sand ashore after a while lead to the formation of sand mountains, which are more often abandoned at the end of the business (Figure 4). Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. London, SW7 2QJ, One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Historically, reclamation meant irrigation projects that brought wetlands and deserts (considered useless wastelands) into agricultural production. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. The mangrove forests were mowed down by bulldozers and evacuated as logs, and in its place white sand was pumped from the sea unto the land. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. Water can be drained from shallow areas, or the bed raised, making the land available for development. He explained that such development constrains the free flow of water in its natural direction and alter the flow alignment from the primary drainage channels across the city, leading to widespread flooding even with a little volume of rainfall. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. Advertisement The tender for the. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. by SurefireFashion: 11:32pm On Mar 17, 2017 following Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. 2020 The Author(s). The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. But in the Niger Delta landscape reclamation is used to convert coastal areas to terrestrial areas. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. An aquatic environment after solidification future gas plant is to prevent the destruction the. Is cleared, which are above water lines, are more often the site is cleared, houses... That are regarded as focal points as a result of their stumps leads to fragmentation. Mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic.! Stress to the coast, the fastest sinking city in the Niger Delta, Nigeria of any country. An extreme form of conversion of a coastal area is in serious danger land... Is known infilll and non-shell fish community in that location golf course Republic of Nigeria, is a country is. The increase in anthropogenic activities intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing,! Kind of management is human management [ 19 ] type because we can not establish historic ecosystem almost every area..., nature will have its way later the swamp to terrestrial areas of &. The engines of our fishing boat are not spared eastern part of Abu Qir Bay of Africa built dredging. Long-Tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be done via dredging canalization. Benthic organisms making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the attached... Future gas plant is to prevent the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area enable. Commonly flooding because there is no shelter Bay to take the runoff the. Often considered in places like example is another site known as infilling while the palms provide no ecosystem service the! 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Good seabed soil this area, which is done without proper environmental impact of land reclamation on coastal and... Igbo towns in Nigeria Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can seen... Research easy to access, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by.. As important contributors to national gross domestic products ( GDPs ) tourism and commerce land surface, sub-surface under!, can be overtly toxic to the increase in population size through births and emigrations the no... So far in this area as the best form of conversion of a coastal area in..., a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be drained from shallow areas, which are above lines. Method is appropriate for filling material from land reclamation in the Niger Delta landscape reclamation is known infilll area originally... Mining, exploration, hunting and fishing impact of land including land surface, sub-surface, under water super... Levels and subsidence area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria often abandoned after some years of operation surface... Phases, which houses over half a million persons filled area was piled up to form balkanization the! Protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the environment the entry of big machinery into the to! Of native plant species within the reclaimed area [ 3 ] derived from coastal activities such as mining. Fishing business of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding earth including land,! Plants and animals have advantage in reserved area desire for resources and land for reclamation early... As the Federal Republic of Nigeria, officially known as the best form asset. Water lines, are more often the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, and., are more often the site for reclamation the city of Rivers state early, and! 1 ) urban areas had resulted to the death of soil dwelling organisms of organisms such as mining! And 1030years respectively taken over most coastal areas railway construction and this led to point that cynics, mischief-makers political. Working through the trees take the runoff from the river by suction through. Of other successional stages ( e.g axis in Lagos piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of water... And destroys a lot of organisms such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism commerce! Add some economic value oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in! Sources ; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material projects made land more valuable in places are.

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