Thomas Skrenes, Bishop of the Northern Great Lakes Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was also a co-consecrator. [91] Litigation has largely centered around church properties. The Episcopal Church teaches the real presence doctrinethat the bread and wine truly become the body and blood of Christ. Divided Over Decision Allowing Ordination of Gay Bishops", "Episcopal Church Takes Bold Step On Transgender Priests", "Acts of Convention: Call for Guidance on Intimate Relationships Other Than Marriage, 2018-A087", "The Episcopal Church approves religious weddings for gay couples after controversial debate", "Some same-sex couples will still face hurdles accessing church's marriage rites", "Religious Groups' Official Positions on Same-Sex Marriage", "Resolution #1991-B051, Call for the Removal of Racism from the Life of the Nation", "Bishops Endorse Apology for Slavery Complicity", "Presiding Bishop reflects on Charlottesville and its aftermath", "Episcopal Church releases racial audit of leadership, citing nine patterns of racism in church culture", "The Acts of Convention: Resolution #1994-A054", "D083: Addressing the erosion of reproductive rights and autonomy", "Religious Groups' Views on End-of-Life Issues", "Religious Groups' Official Positions on Capital Punishment", "Advocacy for Stronger Governmental Vaccination Mandates, EXC062019.12", "The Society for the Increase of the Ministry - Investing in the future ordained leaders of The Episcopal Church since 1857", "The Indigenous Theological Training Institute", "Historical Society of the Episcopal Church - TriHistory Conference", "Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (2001)", "Moravian Church's Southern Province enters full communion with Episcopal Church", The Journal of the Historical Society of the Episcopal Church, "Episcopalian Crisis: Authority, Homosexuality & the Future of Anglicanism", New Georgia Encyclopedia article on the Episcopal Church in the U.S. South, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Rewriting History: Scapegoating the Episcopal Church, Profile of the Episcopal Church on the Association of Religion Data Archives website, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episcopal_Church_(United_States)&oldid=1140269849, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, La Iglesia Episcopal, [133] In recent years, the church has become much more economically and racially diverse[134] through evangelism, and has attracted many Hispanic immigrants who are often working-class. [18] It has opposed the death penalty and supported the civil rights movement. In a 1964 General Convention compromise, priests and lay delegates suggested adding a preamble to the church's constitution, recognizing "The Episcopal Church" as a lawful alternate designation while still retaining the earlier name. Others, however, view this pluralism as an asset, allowing a place for both sides to balance each other. [63][61] In 2018, the General Convention authorized a Task Force for Liturgical and Prayer Book Revision to consider further revisions, particularly to use more inclusive language and to give more attention to the stewardship of God's creation. They meet and act separately, and both Houses must concur to adopt legislation. Last week the Episcopal Church found Bishop William Love guilty of defying church orders because he told his clergy not to recognize same-sex weddings. A bishop is often assisted in the administration of his diocese by other, lesser bishops, who may be known as suffragans, assistants, auxiliaries, or coadjutor bishops. Departing groups, in contrast, assert that they should be able to retain ownership of individual church facilities and diocesan property. This means that the church is organized into dioceses led by bishops in consultation with representative bodies. [193][194], The Episcopal Church opposes laws in society which discriminate against individuals because of their sex, sexual orientation, or gender expression. [8][9][10][11] About three-quarters of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were affiliated with the Episcopal Church, and over a quarter of all Presidents of the United States have been Episcopalians. Under the leadership of Lutheran bishop Jesper Swedberg, parishes in colonial America that belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden established ecumenical dialogue that resulted in altar and pulpit fellowship with the Episcopal Church in the 1700s, which led to a merger of all of the Swedish Lutheran churches there into the Episcopal Church by 1846.[36]. The development of the Protestant Episcopal Church provides an example of how Americans in the early republic maintained important cultural ties with England. The current edition of the BCP was published in 1979 and is similar to other Anglican prayer books in use around the world. [62] Several conservative parishes, however, continued to use the 1928 version. Three bishops are required to participate in the ordination and consecration of a bishop. [67], At the same time, there was still tolerance for those dioceses which opposed women's ordination. He's violating a church order adopted by the Episcopal Church in 2012 - incredibly recent for a church more than 200 years old and a faith more than two-thousand years old. Ecumenical co-consecrator of Dietsche was Robert A. Rimbo, Bishop of the, Ecumenical co-consecrator of McConnell was Kurt F. Kusserow, Bishop of the, Ecumenical co-consecrator of Hahn was William O. Gafkjen, Bishop of the. The Episcopal Church follows the via media or "middle way" between Protestant and Roman Catholic doctrine and practices: that is both Catholic and Reformed. Following the 2015 general convention, bishops were able to determine whether churches and priests within their dioceses were permitted to use the new liturgies. In general Anglicans pray with the saints in their fellowship, not to them, although their intercessions may be requested. [55], The liberal policies of Presiding Bishop Hines and the general conventions of 1967 and 1969 led to a conservative reaction. [151] The service has two parts. The Episcopal Diocese of Texas | 1225 Texas Street, Houston, TX US 77002 | 800.318.4452. To prevent the spread of Covid-19 attendance at the consecration was very limited, thus there were no ecumenical co-consecrators. "[204], In 1991, the General Convention declared "the practice of racism is sin",[205] and in 2006, a unanimous House of Bishops endorsed Resolution A123 apologizing for complicity in the institution of slavery, and silence over "Jim Crow" laws, segregation, and racial discrimination. The consent process has 120 days to receive consents from the majority of Standing Committees in The Episcopal Church in the USA (ECUSA: 110 dioceses, so at least 56 consents). The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African American bishop to serve in that position. The first type is the rules by which the church is governed as contained in the Constitution and Canons; the second type are broad guidelines on church policy called resolutions. [131] According to The New York Times Episcopalians tend also to be better educated and they have a high number of graduate (76%) and post-graduate degrees (35%) per capita. [80] In 2016, Anglican leaders temporarily suspended the Episcopal Church from key positions in their global fellowship in response to the church changing its canons on marriage. Hyer, Bishop Hopkins' Letter on Slavery Ripped up and His Misuse of the Sacred Scriptures Exposed by a Clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church (New York: John F. Trow, 1863). [188] [96] The name "Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina" and related names and marks were initially claimed by the departing group. Although many Episcopalians identify with this concept, those whose convictions lean toward either evangelical Anglicanism or Anglo-Catholicism may not. Historically Anglican churches have had strong ecumenical ties with the Eastern Orthodox Churches, and the Episcopal Church particularly with the Russian Orthodox Church, but relations in more recent years have been strained by the ordination of women and the ordination of Gene Robinson to the episcopate. Your heritage is the faith of patriarchs, prophets, apostles, and martyrs, and those of every generation who have looked to God in hope. [51] By 1963, many church leaders felt more comfortable speaking out in support of racial equality. At the 1964 General Convention, when the House of Deputies rejected a resolution sanctioning civil disobedience under special circumstances, Thurgood Marshall, a deputy to the convention, led many African-American deputies in a "walk out" protest of the convention. The program was designed to redirect nine million dollars over a three-year period (a quarter of the church's operating budget at the time) to fund special grants for community organizations and grassroots efforts facilitating black empowerment in America's urban ghettos. The "two new marriage rites" contain language that allows "them to be used by same-sex or opposite-sex couples". In 2006 a relation of interim Eucharistic sharing was inaugurated with the United Methodist Church, a step that may ultimately lead to full communion. [139] Conventions meet annually to consider legislation (such as revisions to the diocesan constitution and canons) and speak for the diocese. In 1856, the first society for African Americans in the Episcopal Church was founded by James Theodore Holly. The Holy Scriptures, commonly called the Bible, consist of the. [133] In 2014, roughly 70% of Episcopalians were living in households with incomes of $50,000 or above. In the following year, Henry C. Potter, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, addressed his clergymen upon the question of Labor. '"[86] Four dioceses also voted to leave the church; Pittsburgh, Quincy, Fort Worth, and San Joaquin. A year later, Hines was succeeded by John M. Allin, the Bishop of Mississippi and a conservative. All active (whether diocesan, coadjutor, suffragan, or assistant) and retired bishops make up the over 300 members of the House of Bishops. Bishop Sam Green Sr. - Holy Week Revival at St. Paul A.M.E. Church . It was admitted as a diocese in 2003. [186] This struggle has some members concerned that the church may not continue its relationship with the larger Anglican Church. [5] The church has recorded a regular decline in membership and Sunday attendance since the 1960s, particularly in the Northeast and Upper Midwest.[6]. The church has, however, a highly decentralized structure and characteristics of a confederation.[137]. In both cases, laity and clergy elected women: the Rev. Because of these and other controversial issues including abortion, individual members and clergy can and do frequently disagree with the stated position of the church's leadership. List of bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. we are the people of his pasture and the sheep of his hand. In 2009, the General Convention charged the Standing Commission on Liturgy and Music to develop theological and liturgical resources for same-sex blessings and report back to the General Convention in 2012. These dioceses are formed into nine provinces. [38] Starting July 4, 1776, Congress and several states passed laws making prayers for the king and British Parliament acts of treason. And though the church did divide into two wings during the war, Hopkins was active in re-uniting them in 1865. [212], Holding that human life is sacred, the Episcopal Church is opposed to capital punishment. "[88] She further wrote that the South Carolina diocese "continues to be a constituent part of The Episcopal Church, even if a number of its leaders have departed. The Washington National Cathedral is the seat of the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church as well as the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington. Two capital letters before their number identify bishops consecrated for missionary work outside of the United States. The Presiding Bishop is one of three Anglican primates who together exercise metropolitan jurisdiction over the Episcopal Church of Cuba, an extraprovincial diocese in the Anglican Communion. This is a bishop elected to assist the Diocesan Bishop and to serve under the Diocesan's direction. General Convention enacts two types of legislation. Sometimes, Suffragan Bishops are called by another diocese to become their . George Washington Doane (29) was the father of William Croswell Doane (92). [149] The BCP identifies Baptism and the Eucharist as the "two great sacraments of the Gospel". [53], In 1967, Lichtenberger's successor, John Hines, led the Episcopal Church to implement the General Convention Special Program (GCSP). [9] While the Rockefeller family are mostly Baptists, some of the Rockefellers were Episcopalians. The readings are organized in a three-year cycle during which much of the Bible will have been read in church. 4 In his hands are the depths of the earth,*. [144] The Presiding Bishop is the chief pastor and primate of the Episcopal Church and is charged with providing leadership in the development of the church's program as well as speaking on behalf of the church. The Presiding Bishop is the president of the House of Bishops. [4] [152] The second part of the service is centered on the Eucharist. [65] On September 7, 1975, four more women (the "Washington Four") were irregularly ordained by retired bishop George W. Before becoming Bishop of Maryland, he served parishes in Connecticut, Massachusetts and New Jersey. Opposition from southern church leaders prevented the Episcopal Church from taking a strong stand on civil rights prior to 1963. In the wake of the Revolution, American Episcopalians faced the task of preserving a hierarchical church structure in a society infused with republican values. If a series of letters is under "Consecrators", then the consecrators were bishops or archbishops from outside of the ECUSA: The Roman numeral before the diocese name represents where in the sequence that bishop falls; e.g., the fourth bishop of Pennsylvania is written "IV Pennsylvania". Demby (296) and Delany (298) were appointed as suffragan bishops "for colored work. [94], Before Schori took this stand, prior bishops had treated parish property disputes as internal diocesan matters that are "not subject to the review or oversight of the presiding bishop". In 2003, the convention urged U.S. legislators to raise the national minimum wage, and to establish a living wage with health benefits as the national standard. [28], "The Episcopal Church in the United States of America" (ECUSA) has never been an official name of the church but is an alternative commonly seen in English. "[105], According to the latest statistics U.S. membership dropped 2.7 percent from a reported 1,866,758 members in 2013 to 1,745,156 in 2016, a loss of 121,602 persons. The usage of the term "saint" is similar to Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions. [38] In general, loyalist clergy stayed by their oaths and prayed for the king or else suspended services. [9][16] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Episcopalians were active in the Social Gospel movement. Missionary District of Western Texas became the Diocese of West Texas in 1904. [64], On July 29, 1974, a group of women known as the Philadelphia Eleven were irregularly ordained as priests in the Episcopal Church by bishops Daniel Corrigan, Robert L. DeWitt, and Edward R. Welles, assisted by Antonio Ramos. Born and raised in central Connecticut, Bishop Ihloff was ordained a deacon in 1967 and priest in 1968. Bishop Samuel L. Green, Sr., Presiding Prelate of the 12th Episcopal District of the A.M. E. Church, preaching a powerful sermon titled, Positioned For Power! William Loyall Gravatt (194) was a co-consecrator for his nephew John J. Gravatt (417). That same year, 1785, deputations of clergy and laity met in the first General Convention. Bishops also preside at services of Confirmation, Reception, or Reaffirmation. The Rev. Ecumenical co-consecrator of Cook was Wolfgang Herz-Lane, District Executive Minister of the. [3] In 2011,[update] it was the nation's 14th largest denomination. Dr. Bonnie A. Perry as a Bishop in the Church of God and the Eleventh Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan", "Lennon Yuan-Rung Chang consecrated and installed as bishop of Taiwan", "Episcopal, Cuban churches celebrate reunion after more than half-century apart", "The Order of Service for the Ordination and Consecration of the Reverend Poulson C. Reed as Sixth Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Oklahoma", https://ecmnbishop.files.wordpress.com/2020/06/ordination-and-consecration-bulletin.pdf, https://www.diocesemo.org/files/7615/9171/6883/FINAL.3_ordination_worship_bulletin.pdf, "The Ordination and Consecration of The Rev. [119] Many of the nation's oldest educational institutions, such as University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University, were founded by Episcopalian clergy or were associated with the Episcopal Church. From 1635 the vestries and the clergy came loosely under the diocesan authority of the Bishop of London. The Episcopal Church was named so because it followed the tradition of appointing bishops as clerical authorities. Qualifying considerations often relate to historical missionary work of the church among American Indians and African-Americans, as well as work in China and other foreign missions. In 1982, the Episcopal Church passed a resolution to affirm its belief in the glorious ability of God to create in any manner, and in this affirmation reject the rigid dogmatism of the Creationist movement. The church has also expressed skepticism toward the intelligent design movement. The church's range of advocacy areas with respect to the environment include public support for net carbon neutrality, environmental justice, opposition to environmental racism, support for renewable energy and for setting and meeting sustainability goals, and support for workers, communities, and economies as they undergo a "just transition" toward eco-friendly policies. And just 9% of adults who identify as Episcopalian are younger than 30, compared with 22% of U.S. adults overall. Confirmation, ordination, holy matrimony, reconciliation of a penitent, and unction are identified as "sacramental rites". The Jamestown church building itself is a modern reconstruction. Other churches that also have bishops are the Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Lutherans, among others. [146] The Presiding Bishop chairs the House of Bishops as well as the Executive Council of the General Convention. At the 1789 convention they adopted a Constitution and Canons, and reorganized as a House of Deputies and a House of Bishops. [185] Noting the role of personal experience in Christian life, some Episcopalians have advocated following the example of the Wesleyan Quadrilateral of Methodist theology by thinking in terms of a "Fourth Leg" of "experience". Title Letter to the right Reverend John Henry Hobart, bishop of the Protestant Episcopal . Located at 815 Second Avenue, New York City, New York, the center is often referred to by Episcopalians simply as "815".[147]. After the South Carolina diocese voted to withdraw, it sued the national Episcopal Church to retain control over its property. Belief that human beings "are part of God's creation, Belief that "sin has power over us because we lose our liberty when our relationship with God is distorted," and that. Anglican clergy were obliged to swear allegiance to the king as well as to pray for the king, the royal family, and the British Parliament. As such, the liturgies used by the Catholic, Lutheran, Episcopal, Methodist and Reformed traditions are "nearly identical". [142] The House of Deputies only meets as a full body once every three years; however, the House of Bishops meets regularly throughout the triennium between conventions. [citation needed]. Your joy will be to follow him who came, not to be served, but to serve, and to give his life a ransom for many (Book of Common Prayer, p. 517). The GCSP drew opposition from the recently formed Foundation for Christian Theology, a conservative organization opposed to "involv[ing] the Church in the social, political, and economic activities of our times". Dioceses and parishes are frequently members of local ecumenical councils as well. [206] In 2018, following the white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Presiding Bishop Michael B. Curry said that "the stain of bigotry has once again covered our land" and called on Episcopalians to choose "organized love intent on creating God's beloved community on Earth" rather than hate. Episcopal leadership asserts that, as a hierarchical church, they retain ownership of parish property when parishioners leave. The Episcopal Church is also in a relationship of full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America[225] and the Northern and Southern Provinces of the Moravian Church in America.[226]. Bishops also preside at services of Confirmation, Reception, or Reaffirmation. During this time period, African-American clergy organized the Union of Black Episcopalians to achieve full inclusion of African Americans at all levels of the Episcopal Church. [183], A broad spectrum of theological views is represented within the Episcopal Church. Eastern Diocese included Vermont and Maine. Just 4% of Episcopalians are black. [12] Historically, Episcopalians were overrepresented among American scientific elite and Nobel Prize winners. A bishop is the successor to the Apostles in the service and government of the Church. As many of you know, we have been in search for our fourth canon, and we thought we were making good headway, we had amazing candidates Ecumenical Co-consecrator of Poulson Reed was the Rev. This new order declares same-sex marriages part of Episcopalian . In the 19th century, High Church members advocated changing the name, which they felt did not acknowledge the church's catholic heritage. [102] New York was the state with the largest total number of adherents, over 200,000. 3 Be my strong rock, a castle to keep me safe, for you are my crag and my stronghold;*. Later, through the efforts of Bishop Philander Chase (17751852) of Ohio, Americans successfully sought material assistance from England for the purpose of training Episcopal clergy. The highest legislative body of the Episcopal Church is the triennial General Convention, consisting of the House of Deputies and the House of Bishops. Rev. Several times between 1979 and 2003, the convention expressed concern over affordable housing and supported work to provide affordable housing. When the clergy of Connecticut elected Samuel Seabury as their bishop in 1783, he sought consecration in England. This vote ended a moratorium on ordaining gay bishops passed in 2006 and passed in spite of Archbishop Rowan Williams's personal call at the start of the convention that, "I hope and pray that there won't be decisions in the coming days that will push us further apart. At each service, four scripture passages are read from the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New York Times said the move was "likely to send shockwaves through the Anglican Communion". Episcopal News Service (November 15, 2012). make haste to deliver me. SIM has awarded scholarships to qualified full-time seminary students. [196] The name of the Boise missionary district changed to Idaho in 1907 during Starkey's tenure. [29], The full legal name of the national church corporate body is the "Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America",[20] which was incorporated by the legislature of New York and established in 1821. Charles B. Persell Jr. (592) was the father of. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. [107] Membership grew from 1.1million members in 1925 to a peak of over 3.4million members in the mid-1960s. The veneration of saints in the Episcopal Church is a continuation of an ancient tradition from the early church which honors important people of the Christian faith. The Bible contains "all things necessary to salvation" and nothing can be taught as pertaining to salvation which cannot be proven by scripture. The House of Bishops has nearly 300 active members and comprises half of the governing body of the Episcopal Church. Rev." Priests and deacons are referred to as "The Rev." Our church is organized into dioceses, and there is at least one diocese in each state. One example was when then-Presiding Bishop Frank Griswold told the Diocese of Western Louisiana on May 11, 2006, that the national church involved itself in parish property disputes only upon invitation of the local bishop and diocesan standing committees. [128] In the 1970s, a Fortune magazine study found one-in-five of the country's largest businesses and one-in-three of its largest banks was run by an Episcopalian. [92][93], In a letter to the House of Bishops during summer 2009, Presiding Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori instructed local dioceses not to sell parish property to departing groups. [181], In practice, not all Episcopalians hold all of these beliefs, but ordained clergy are required to "solemnly engage to conform" to this doctrine. The Church acknowledges the right of women to choose to undergo the procedure "only in extreme situations". Category:Bishops by type Subcategories This category has the following 12 subcategories, out of 12 total. How many different types of bishops are there? [189] Bishops-elect are ordained and consecrated after consents have been received from a majority of the diocesan standing committees and from a majority of the bishops exercising jurisdiction in the Episcopal Church. The Anglican balancing of the sources of authority has been criticized as clumsy or "muddy." The name of the Wisconsin diocese was changed to Milwaukee on June 16, 1886 during the elder Edward R. Welles' tenure. One type of church polity is episcopal. Irving Lewis Allen, "WASPFrom Sociological Concept to Epithet". Diocesan bishops may also be assisted by suffragan and assistant bishops, who have no right of succession upon the resignation of the diocesan bishop. Walter Mitchell (350) was the primary consecrator for his brother Richard Bland Mitchell (412). [153] Generally, Episcopal churches have retained features such as the altar rail, the inclusion or exclusion of which does not elicit much controversy, but usually celebrate in the versus populum orientation. Daniel G. P. Gutierrez, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania; The Rt. 5 The sea is his and he made it;*. One proposed alternative was "the American Catholic Church". The Episcopal Church describes itself as "Protestant, yet Catholic"[7] and claims apostolic succession, tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. This understanding is highly dependent on the work of Friedrich Schleiermacher. Both types of bodies study and draft policy proposals for consideration and report back to the convention. That year, Presiding Bishop Arthur Lichtenberger wrote a pastoral letter urging Christians to work "across lines of racial separation, in a common struggle for justice", and the House of Bishops endorsed civil rights legislation. They were opposed by the church's evangelical wing, which felt that the "Protestant Episcopal" label accurately reflected the Reformed character of Anglicanism. (Victor Alemn) This shows the historical succession of the episcopate within this church. Diocesan bishops may be succeeded by bishops-coadjutor upon resignation of diocesan jurisdiction. [191][192] [38] By the end of 1776, some Anglican churches were closing. [211], The Episcopal Church accepts the empirical findings of biology and does not consider the theory of evolution to be in conflict with its understanding of Holy Scripture in light of reason. It is the official publisher for the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States. "[77], On July 10, 2012, the Episcopal Church approved an official liturgy for the blessing of same-sex relationships. ", Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 17:18, Episcopal Church in the United States of America, III Central America and Panama Canal Zone/Panama and the Canal Zone, Missionary Bishop of South-Western Brazil, VIII Central Pennsylvania (previously Harrisburg), List of presiding bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, American Provinces of the Moravian Church, Jacobites - History and Cultural Relations, The Episcopal Church Glossary: Diocese of Milwaukee, The Episcopal Church Glossary: Diocese of Newark, The Episcopal Church Glossary: Diocese of Idaho, The Episcopal Church Glossary: Diocese of Indianapolis, Puerto Rico officially joins Episcopal Church, The Episcopal Church Glossary: Diocese of Northern Michigan, The Episcopal Church Glossary: Diocese of Northwestern Pennsylvania, Dallas Bishop James Stanton announces he will retire in May 2014, "Bishop Chilton Knudsen called as Chicago's assisting bishop", "Katharine Jefferts Schori to be assisting bishop in San Diego", "BISHOP PROVISIONAL Elected The Rt. One prominent opponent of the movement was Charles C.J. A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.. How many different types of bishops are there? For example, the Diocese of Delaware was under the supervision of the Diocese of Pennsylvania under William White. Some Episcopal members or theologians hold evangelical positions, affirming the authority of scripture over all. youtube.com. [citation needed] The 1979 edition contains a provision for the use of "traditional" (Elizabethan) language under various circumstances not directly provided for in the book. Suffragan bishops do not automatically become diocesan bishops. The early republic maintained important cultural ties with England have bishops are by. The BCP was published in 1979 and 2003, the first African American Bishop to under! 16, 1886 during the elder Edward R. Welles ' tenure language that allows `` them to used! 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