Additionally, more than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to the Dachau, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in Germanycamps that were specifically constructed to hold Jews, homosexuals, political prisoners and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state. [17] The subsequent 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jewish Germans. [59] There was however no personal comment or even acknowledgment from the German leader Adolf Hitler himself about Kristallnacht. They were to intervene only if a fire threatened adjacent Aryan properties. Holocaust Memorial Museum. (ed. Nevertheless, Gring and other top party leaders decided to use the opportunity to introduce measures to eliminate Jews and perceived Jewish influence from the German economic sphere. [50][51][52], The number of emigrating Jews surged, as those who were able to left the country. On this day, on 9 November 1938, commenced 48-hours of 'Kristallnacht', also known as 'The night of broken glass' or 'November Progroms'. [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. They waited there in harsh conditions to be allowed to enter Poland. "American opinion toward Jews during the Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s. [69], To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. [18] Many sought asylum abroad; hundreds of thousands emigrated, but as Chaim Weizmann wrote in 1936, "The world seemed to be divided into two partsthose places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter. Violent attacks on Jews and Judaism throughout the Reich and in the recently annexed Sudetenland began on November 8 and continued until November 11 in Hannover and the free city of Danzig, which had not then been incorporated into the Reich. Description November 9th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germany's assault on the Jews. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: The swine wont commit another murder. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath[4] by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris. The local fire departments confined themselves to prevent the flames from spreading to neighboring buildings. [80] Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazi's primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Washington, DC 20024-2126 During Kristallnacht, or "The Night of Broken Glass," Nazi mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses. Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a prolonged series of violent attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses and synagogues in 1938 Germany. [60] Goebbels met the foreign press in the afternoon of 11 November and said that the burning of synagogues and damage to Jewish owned property had been "spontaneous manifestations of indignation against the murder of Herr Vom Rath by the young Jew Grynsban [sic]". At the same November 15 press conference, a reporter asked the president if he would recommend relaxing the restrictions on immigration in order to admit the Jewish refugees from Europe. He was at work at the German embassy in Paris when Herschel Grynszpan, a read more, Our synagogue is burning! Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky dropped the phone and ran to his place of worship. E ighty years ago, on the night of Nov. 9-10, 1938 known as Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass synagogues were set on fire, store windows were smashed and Jewish homes broken into in . The broken window fallacy is often used to discredit the idea that going to war stimulates a country's economy. At a conference on the day after the pogrom, Hermann Gring said: "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if, in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war beyond our borderthen it is obvious that we will have to manage a final account with the Jews. On 6 December 1938, William Cooper, an Aboriginal Australian, led a delegation of the Australian Aboriginal League on a march through Melbourne to the German Consulate to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany". New York: Times Books, 1989. "[35] The chief party judge Walter Buch later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom. I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. "The sovereigns", Kibbutz Kfar Blum (Palestine), 1945, p. 171 cited in Gilbert, op.cit., p 67. [72] While individual Catholics and Protestants took action, the churches as a whole chose silence publicly. Heinrich Himmler wrote, "I suppose that it is Goebbels's megalomaniaand stupidity which is responsible for starting this operation now, in a particularly difficult diplomatic situation. Look up each word in a print, digital, or online dictionary. Following the violence, police departments recorded a large number of suicides and rapes. Treat yourself with more tender cheese on your crispy chicken." Two days earlier, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jewish student, shot and killed Ernst vom Rath, a member of the Nazi party. We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me. The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. Nazi officials disguised the organized nature of the pogroms. [78], After the end of World War II, there were hundreds of trials over Kristallnacht. [6] Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed,[7][8] and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. The name refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after the violence. A British newspaper told its readers that hundreds "are reported to be lying about, penniless and deserted, in little villages along the frontier near where they had been driven out by the Gestapo and left. Shortly before Kristallnacht, U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh toured Germany and was given a medal by Hermann Gring, commander of the German air force. Other Americans called for an increase in the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country. KRISTALLNACHT: THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS 1. [36], Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. Package nonhazardous lab glass and plastic waste items in sturdy cardboard boxes. Feeling Blank Again 5. Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. In Berlin, police Lieutenant Otto Bellgardt barred SA troopers from setting the New Synagogue on fire, earning his superior officer a verbal reprimand from the commissioner. The Night Of Broken Glass is based on some of those events that led up to the trial of Herschel Grynzspan, named Herschel Green in the play. Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass, was supposedly a spontaneous outburst on the part of patriotic Germans following the assassination of a German Embassy official in Paris by a 17 year old Polish Jew. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. The Night of the Broken Glass The Holocaust has played a significant part of many people lives living in Germany. Torched synagogues. As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police), following Heydrich's instructions, arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. Term. The Night of Broken Glass Reviews. Schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. By 1938, Germany "had entered a new radical phase in anti-Semitic activity". I have a right to live and the Jewish people have a right to exist on earth. A few days earlier, German authorities had expelled thousands of Jews of Polish citizenship living in Germany from the Reich; Grynszpan had received news that his parents, residents in Germany since 1911, were among them. In The. There, Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, after conferring with Hitler, harangued a gathering of old storm troopers, urging violent reprisals staged to appear as spontaneous demonstrations. Telephone orders from Munich triggered pogroms throughout Germany, which then included Austria. Among other things, Hitlers Nazi Party, which espoused extreme German nationalism and anti-Semitism, commanded that all Jewish businesses be boycotted and all Jews be dismissed from civil service posts. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. [65] Some Nazis helped Jews during the Kristallnacht. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Walter, dressed in a Nazi uniform, arrived at Max's house and told him he had to leave immediately to escape arrest. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence . [92] The Sri Lankan Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera also used the term to describe the violence in 2019 against Muslims by Sinhalese nationalists. The Nazi government imposed a collective fine of one billion Reichsmarks (about $400 million in 1938) on the Jewish community. Compare Impact of Energy Over Time He also recalled Hugh Wilson, his ambassador to Germany. One such administrator was Breckinridge Long, who was responsible for carrying out policies relating to immigration. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin: "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. The collusion of the German and French governments is brought out during the testimony. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. Mass arrests. The pogrom proved especially destructive in Berlin and Vienna, home to the two largest Jewish communities in the German Reich. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. Welch, Susan. Guardian archive image of Goebbels foreign press conference: Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Bttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). On the morning of Monday, 7 November 1938, he purchased a revolver and a box of bullets, then went to the German embassy and asked to see an embassy official. On the 1st of April 1933, the SA organized a boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. November 1938: From "Reichskristallnacht" To Genocide. [33] One of the first legal measures issued was an order by Heinrich Himmler, commander of all German police, forbidding Jews to possess any weapons whatsoever and imposing a penalty of twenty years' confinement in a concentration camp upon every Jew found in possession of a weapon hereafter. "[73] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.[74]. At 1:20a.m. on 10 November 1938, Reinhard Heydrich sent an urgent secret telegram to the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police; SiPo) and the Sturmabteilung (SA), containing instructions regarding the riots. But police arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. [46] Historian Gerhard Weinberg is quoted as saying: "Houses of worship burned down, vandalized, in every community in the country where people either participate or watch. On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. During the week, he napped in a sunny corner of Mitzi Stein's dress shop and begged scrapped from Moshe the butcher. [82], Five decades later, 9 November's association with the anniversary of Kristallnacht was cited as the main reason as to why Schicksalstag, the day the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, was not turned into a new German national holiday; a different day was chosen (3 October 1990, German reunification). The event was called Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," because of the shattered glass from the store windows that cost over $5 million mark ($1,250,000 in U.S.) the next day 30,000 Jewish men were arrested for the being Jewish and sent to concentration camps. Feroz Rather's The Night of Broken Glass corrects that anomaly. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] (listen)) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] (listen)),[1][2] was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 910 November 1938. News of Raths death on November 9 reached Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany, where he was celebrating the anniversary of the abortive 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. 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