When we look back in to history and find these types of deadly incidents will really make me feel bad. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). Earthq. In Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives whereas in India 7188 people lost their lives. Only four storeys were left) Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. Chen W-P and Kao H 1996 Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress; In: The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (eds) Yin A and Harrison T M, Cambridge University Press, 37-54. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Rana, B. S. (1935). The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. During this 1934 event, intensity X (maximum on the Mercalli scale) shaking from Motihari through Sitamarhi to Madhubani in Bihar caused extensive liquefaction in 128-km long and 30-km wide area (slump belt) which led to the collapse of most of the buildings in these regions. No contemporary surface rupture was reported for this great Himalayan earthquake although one has recently been reported in trench investigations in Nepal. India, 73. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards ISSN 0028-0836 (print). Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Liquefaction studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 (Sukhija et al., 2002) . Whereas areas like Dhankuta, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwagadhi, Chainpur, Taplejung also suffered damage. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. The impact was reported to be felt in. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. 79 1237-1250. Earth quake cause landslides f Effects Seismic sea waves (TUSNAMIS) f Effects Damage to human life and structures f Effects Faults, thrust and folds f Other Effects More devastating fires Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water Depression forming lakes fDistribution f Distribution About 60 % of all The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. In D. W. Simpson & P. G. Richards (Eds. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. Surv. Internet Explorer). ), 2019. Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935. John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. 125 people lost their lives, 248 were seriously injured. Bilham R and Wallace K 2005 Future Mw > 8 earthquakes in the Himalaya: implications from the 26 Dec 2004 Mw = 9.0 earthquake on Indias eastern plate margin; Geol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. It shook an area half a million square miles in extent in Nepal and Tibet. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. There is evidence that even larger events have occurred in the past, and geodetic and seismic monitoring show that stress is accumulating now. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. A simple loss estimation study was conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat of an earthquake like the 1934 one. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. Jorganesh Press. Current Science, 69, 101127. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. (1981). The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Theres never any convenient time for any. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in Heres The Truth! [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. Surv. (2017b). Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. Am. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. The towns that had suffered very severely are Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Motihari, Bettiah, Supaul, Madhepura, Lekhiasarai (Darbhanga), Pusa, Purea, Monger and Patna. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. , - . Nepals only international airport would be inaccessible. The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Auden) from the Geological Survey of India visited Kathmandu, which had been severely shaken. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. 4. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage. 8.0 magnitude earthquake. Intensities reported for the earthquake were rendered complex by the prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity. These effects are discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham (2008). Nature (London), 582583. Zones like Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at Journalof EarthSystem Science 117, 773782. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Nepal-Bihar 1934. This indicates that adequate structural design is the key to reduce the earthquake risk in Nepal. were researched. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Soc. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . 85 1-14. Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! He Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. S. K. BANERJI . The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. Tect. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. Everest. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal Petroleum exploration in Nepal. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Pilots flyng over the meizoseismal area reported great changes in topography; this was largely due to enormous slides, some of which were photographed. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. Ambraseys, N., & Douglas, J. J. The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . Duda S 1965 Secular seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt; Tectonophys. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. Burrard, S. (1934). It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. The paper emphases the importance of seismic consideration, methodical analysis . [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. 117, S2, 773-782. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. Soc. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. Statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in north Bihar alluvial plains of India earthquake a... 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